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Plastomes are used in phylogenetic reconstructions because of their relatively conserved nature. Nonetheless, some limitations arise, particularly at lower taxonomic levels due to reduced interspecific polymorphisms and frequent hybridization events that result in unsolved phylogenies including polytomies and reticulate evolutionary patterns. Next-generation sequencing technologies allow access to genomic data and strongly supported phylogenies, yet biased topologies may be obtained due to insufficient taxon sampling. We analyze the hypothesis that intraspecific plastome diversity reflects biogeographic history and hybridization cycles among taxa. We generated 12 new plastome sequences covering distinct latitudinal locations of all species of subgenus Nothofagus from North Patagonia. Chloroplast genomes were assembled, annotated, and searched for simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Phylogenetic reconstructions included species and sampled locations. The six Nothofagus species analyzed were of similar size and structure; only Nothofagus obliqua of subgenus Lophozonia, used as an outgroup, presented slight differences in size. We detected a variable number of SSRs in distinct species and locations. Phylogenetic analyses of plastomes confirmed that subgenus Nothofagus organizes into two monophyletic clades each consisting of individuals of different species. We detected a geographic structure within subgenus Nothofagus and found evidence of local chloroplast sharing due to past hybridization, followed by adaptive introgression and ecological divergence. These contributions enrich the comprehension of transversal evolutionary mechanisms such as chloroplast capture and its implications for phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Filogeografia , Repetições de Microssatélites , Genoma de Cloroplastos , Variação Genética , Hibridização Genética , ArgentinaRESUMO
Purpose: The reconstruction of positron emission tomography images is a computationally intensive task which benefits from the use of increasingly complex physical models. Aiming to reduce the computational burden by means of a reduced system matrix, we present a list mode reconstruction approach based on maximum likelihood-expectation maximization and a sliced mesh support. Approach: The reconstruction strategy uses a fully 3D projection along series of 2D meshes arranged in the axial plane of the scanner. These series of meshes describe the continuous volumetric activity using a piece-wise linear function interpolated from the mesh elements. The mesh support is automatically adapted to the underlying structure of the activity by means of a remeshing process. This process finds a high-quality compact mesh representation constrained to a controlled interpolation error. Results: The method is tested using a Monte Carlo simulation of a Hoffman brain phantom and a National Electrical Manufacturers Association image quality phantom acquisition, using different sets of statistics. The reconstructions are compared against a voxelized reconstruction under different conditions, achieving similar or superior results. The number of parameters needed to reconstruct the image in voxel and mesh support is also compared, and the mesh reconstruction permits to reduce the number of nodes used to represent a complex image. Conclusions: The proposed reconstruction strategy reduces the number of parameters needed to describe the activity distribution by more than one order of magnitude for similar voxel size and with similar accuracy than state-of-the-art methods.
RESUMO
RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 43 años, con antecedentes de salud aparente, hasta varias semanas previas a su ingreso, cuando comenzó a presentar síncopes precedidos de palpitaciones. Se realizó estudio electrofisiológico y se demostró precocidad en la porción distal del electrodo de registro de seno coronario, que corresponde a la vena cardíaca magna (interventricular anterior) y techo (summit) del ventrículo izquierdo. A pesar del excelente registro precoz se estudiaron estructuras vecinas como el tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo en la cúspide coronaria izquierda, aquí el mapeo eléctrico (pace mapping) no fue concordante total. En el sitio de la precocidad obtenida dentro del sistema venoso cardíaco se realizó mapeo concordante 100%, con una precocidad del catéter de ablación de -30 milisegundos. Se decidió ablación con incrementos progresivos de temperatura y potencia con corte de impedancia (termomapping) y se logró el éxito de la ablación sin reproducibilidad de la arritmia y excelente evolución posterior.
ABSTRACT The case of a 43-year-old female patient is presented, with an apparent history of good health, up to several weeks prior to admission, when she began to present syncopes preceded by palpitations. An electrophysiological study was performed and prematurity in the distal portion of the coronary sinus recording electrode was demonstrated, which corresponds to the great cardiac vein (anterior interventricular vein) and summit of the left ventricle. Despite the excellent early registration, neighboring structures were studied, such as the left ventricular outflow tract in the left coronary cusp, here the pace mapping was not totally concordant. At the site of the precocity obtained within the cardiac venous system, a 100% concordant mapping was achieved, with an ablation catheter's precocity of -30 milliseconds. The ablation was decided with progressive increases in temperature and power with thermomapping and the success of the ablation was achieved without reproducibility of the arrhythmia and excellent subsequent evolution.
Assuntos
Técnicas Eletrofisiológicas Cardíacas , Taquicardia Ventricular , Complexos Atriais Prematuros , Ablação por RadiofrequênciaRESUMO
Las taquicardias supraventriculares en niños son los ritmos más rápidos que con mayor frecuencia se registran (70 por ciento). La taquicardia ortodrómica es la que se presentahabitualmente en el recién nacido y su tratamiento con amiodarona, en combinación con betabloqueadores, presenta una efectividad de 63 por ciento. Sin embargo, la combina-ción de fármacos antiarrítmicos en niños y en recién nacidos no es recomendada por los efectos proarrítmicos. El estudio electrofisiológico y la ablación por radiofrecuencia se reserva para niños mayores, donde el riesgo del estudio es menor; además, se ha informado bajo riesgo en niños con presencia de vías accesorias. Se presenta el caso de una recién nacida de 11 días que presentó dos episodios de taquicardias electro-cardiográficamente diferentes, que sugieren desiguales mecanismos de producción del trastorno del ritmo, en la cual fue difícil el control de la arritmia y el mantenimiento en ritmo sinusal, para lo cual se necesitó la combinación de tres fármacos antiarrít-micos(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Taquicardia Supraventricular , AntiarrítmicosRESUMO
Introducción: En pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, el bloqueo de rama izquierda del haz de His constituye un importante marcador de mal pronóstico, en ellos la terapia de resincronización puede mejorar la función del ventrículo izquierdo. Objetivo: Describir variables electrocardiográficas asociadas a una mejor respuesta de la resincronización cardíaca. Método: Se estudiaron 19 pacientes, 7 mujeres y 12 hombres con bloqueo de rama izquierda y fracción de eyección ≤ 35 por ciento. Se realizó electrocardiograma antes y después de la terapia de resincronización, medición del QRS en las doce derivaciones y cálculo de su dispersión, se midieron voltajes máximos del QRS, y se realizaron ecocardiografías antes y después del procedimiento. Resultados: La fracción de eyección se incrementó desde 29,8±4,7 hasta 41,2±10,7 por ciento (p=0.000). La correlación lineal entre fracción de eyección y dispersión del QRS a los seis meses de seguimiento fue significativa (r=0.34 y p=0.02); las mujeres presentaron mayor dispersión del QRS (48,0±24,0 vs. 37,14±13,8 ms; p=0.04). Los voltajes del QRS fueron predominantemente negativos en aVR (-0,52±0,58 vs. 0,28±0,42 mvolt; p=0.032) y positivos en V5 (0,71±1,12 vs. -0,15±1,20 mvolt; p=0.023) para los respondedores en relación con los no respondedores. Conclusiones: La dispersión del QRS incrementada en el electrocardiograma con bloqueo de rama izquierda y la disminución de la dispersión del QRS posresincronización demostraron correlaciones significativas con la fracción de eyección; además, el estrechamiento del QRS tras la resincronización fue significativo para los respondedores. Los voltajes predominantemente positivos en aVR y negativos en V5, pudieran predecir cuáles pacientes no responderán adecuadamente a la terapia de resincronización cardíaca(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Eletrocardiografia , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Bloqueio de Ramo , Ventrículos do Coração , Terapia de Ressincronização Cardíaca/métodosRESUMO
Controlled nanozeolite deposits are prepared by electrochemical techniques on a macroporous carbon support and binderless thin film electrodes of zeolite-templated carbon are synthesized using the deposits as templates. The obtained film electrodes exhibit extremely high area capacitance (10-12 mF cm(-2)) and ultrahigh rate capability in a thin film capacitor.
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Introducción: La fisiología del polo acuático ha resultado difícil de estudiar debido a sus características en el campo de juego y la electrofisiología cardíaca de estos deportistas se conoce poco, menos aún en las mujeres. La electrocardiografía del polo acuático femenino de élite se ha estudiado escasamente. Objetivos: Analizar la repolarización ventricular en mujeres practicantes de polo acuático de la Preselección Nacional de Cuba. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en una muestra conformada por dos grupos de mujeres: uno de 20 deportistas y otro de 20 personas sanas no deportistas, que se compararon respecto de parámetros electrocardiográficos de repolarización ventricular. Resultados: La media de edad fue de 22,45 ± 5,30 años vs. 22,45 ± 5,30 años; p > 0,05. El peso fue mayor en las deportistas (69,63 ± 7,73 kg vs. 51,20 ± 6,63 kg; p < 0,001). La media de edad deportiva fue de 13,5 años. No existieron diferencias significativas del QTc y el JTc en la derivación DII entre ambos grupos, pero fueron mayores en las deportistas en la derivación V5 (QTc: 405 ms vs. 424 ms; p < 0,05 - JTc: 307 ms vs. 329 ms; p < 0,05). La dispersión del intervalo QT fue mayor en las deportistas que en las controles (74 ms vs. 43 ms; p < 0,001), el intervalo Tpico-Tfinal (Tpeak-Tend) alcanzó valores superiores en las deportistas en las derivaciones V1 (64 ms vs. 81 ms; p < 0,05), V3 (78 ms vs. 92 ms; p < 0,05), V4 (72 ms vs. 83 ms; p < 0,05) y V5 (63 ms vs. 80 ms; p < 0,05). Conclusiones:Los intervalos QTc y JTc y la dispersión del QT fueron significativamente mayores en las deportistas. El intervalo Tpico-Tfinal fue significativamente mayor en las derivaciones V1, V3, V4 y V5 en las deportistas; la dispersión del intervalo Tpico-Tfinal fue superior en las deportistas, pero no estadísticamente significativo(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Síndrome do QT Longo , Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca , EsportesRESUMO
Introducción y objetivos: Existen algoritmos como el de Brugada y Vereckei-2 para el diagnóstico de la taquicardia ventricular, pero no han sido explorados en series específicas de pacientes con taquicardia ventricular idiopática. El propósito de esta investigación no fue otro que identificar en nuestra serie, mediante análisis simple, el esquema de mayor rendimiento diagnóstico de los algoritmos de Brugada y Vereckei-2. Método: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo en los 15 pacientes que consecutivamente se presentaron con taquicardia ventricular idiopática, confirmada por estudio electrofisiológico y otras pruebas en el Servicio de Electrofisiología Cardíaca del Cardiocentro Ernesto Che Guevara de Santa Clara, Cuba, entre enero 2004 diciembre 2007. Resultados: Ambos algoritmos diagnosticaron el 100 por ciento de los casos. En pacientes con taquicardia ventricular del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho, el algoritmo de Brugada, diagnostica el 50 por ciento de los casos en el paso 1, y el 83,3 por ciento combinándolo con el paso 3. El algoritmo de Vereckei-2, en los primeros dos pasos no diagnosticó ninguna taquicardia ventricular del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho. En las taquicardias ventriculares del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho fasciculares, el algoritmo de Brugada paso 1, solo diagnostica en el 11,1 por ciento de los casos y ninguno en el paso 2. El algoritmo de Vereckei-2, paso 2, obtiene gran rendimiento diagnóstico para las taquicardias ventriculares fasciculares: 88,9 por ciento de casos. Conclusiones: El algoritmo de Vereckei-2 presenta mayor utilidad en la taquicardia ventricular fascicular, al presentar un elevado rendimiento diagnóstico en un solo paso (el 2). El algoritmo de Brugada a pesar de tener menor rendimiento diagnóstico en un solo paso presenta mayor utilidad en el diagnóstico de taquicardia ventricular del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho, al combinar los pasos 1 y 3(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Taquicardia Ventricular , Eletrocardiografia , AlgoritmosRESUMO
El profesor Dr Fidel Ilizástigui Dupuy jugó un papel protagónico en las transformaciones académicas suscitadas en Cuba luego del triunfo de la Revolución. El trabajo tiene el propósito de valorar sus criterios respecto a los cambios del currículo de Medicina puesto en vigor en 1995. Se efectuó un análisis documental del texto Educación Médica y necesidades de salud poblacional y sus resultados se exponen mediante la reproducción íntegra de fragmentos, o por comentarios de sus autores. El talento de este prestigioso profesor le permitió interpretar las transformaciones de la educación médica ante los requerimientos de la práctica profesional y las tendencias de la educación superior. Su pensamiento médico educacional ostenta los fundamentos teórico-metodológicos de los cambios curriculares acontecidos y sirve de sustento al quehacer investigativo educacional actual en ciencias de la salud(AU)
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Humanos , Educação Médica , Avaliação Educacional , UniversidadesRESUMO
Background: Few studies have been performed on P wave indices in athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the behaviour of maximum P wave duration (Pmax), minimum P wave duration (Pmin) and P wave dispersion (PWD) in young high performance athletes, as well as the relationship of PWD with training history, heart rate (HR) and echocardiographic parameters. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional observational study in 38 athletes of high performance in sports: water polo, distance running and weight lifting compared with 34 sedentary controls. Results: The average age in both groups was 20.6 years. Note that PWD was increased in athletes (57 ± 14 ms vs. 40 ± 12 ms, p <0.001) while Pmin was significantly lower (57 ± 13 ms vs. 72 ± 13 ms, p <0.001), and there was no difference when comparing Pmax (114 ± 9 ms vs. 117 ± 14 ms, p> 0.05). The correlation between the duration of training (r = 0.511) and resting HR (r = 0.461) with PWD was significant (p <0.01). Conclusions: PWD is increased in young athletes of high performance and was positively correlated with duration of training and baseline HR. The increase in PWD was secondary to a significant decrease in Pmin(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Onda p , Fibrilação Atrial , AtletasRESUMO
Presentamos dos pacientes en los que se desarrollaron ondas T negativas que aparecen en el electrocardiograma por la memoria eléctrica cardíaca. Este fenómeno aunque fue descrito hace muchos años es causa de interpretación errónea de ondas T debido a isquemia cardíaca, y puede ser visto en ciertas situaciones clínicas que permiten sospechar su presencia(AU)
Assuntos
Eletrofisiologia , Marca-Passo ArtificialRESUMO
El éxito del tratamiento de varias arritmias depende en gran medida del uso de marcapasos permanentes. Con el devenir del tiempo se han ido incrementando sus indicaciones. El objetivo del estudio fue describir el comportamiento de la implantación de marcapasos permanentes en la provincia de Villa Clara. Método: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y longitudinal, prospectiva y retrospectiva, en un grupo de pacientes a los que se les implantó marcapasos en los Hospitales Celestino Hernández Robau y Ernesto Che Guevara de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, desde el año 2004 al 2006. Resultados: Fueron implantados 914 marcapasos (266 en 2004, 292 en 2005 y 356 en 2006), 724 correspondieron a un primer implante. Los hombres representaron el 66,3 por ciento (p = 0,0217), el 82,7 por ciento (756 pacientes) tenían más de 60 años, y el 57,8 por ciento estaba hospitalizado. La principal vía de implantación fue la cefálica (80,5 por ciento), seguida por la subclavia (18,6 por ciento). Los bloqueos aurículo-ventriculares provocaron el 60,8 por ciento del total de implantes (574 pacientes) y la enfermedad del nodo sinusal, 31,3 por ciento (286 pacientes). El desplazamiento del electrodo fue la complicación más frecuente (22 casos para un 2,96 por ciento). Conclusiones: Los pacientes eran, mayoritariamente, ancianos (4:1); se implantaron más marcapasos en hombres que en mujeres (2:1); la vía cefálica fue la más utilizada (4:1); la causa más frecuente de la implantación fue el BAV y la complicación inmediata más frecuente, el desplazamiento de electrodo
Assuntos
Humanos , Relógios Biológicos , Estimulação Cardíaca ArtificialRESUMO
The aims of this study were to ascertain the population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated in 2002 from food in 16 Spanish regions. Serovars were characterized by serotyping, phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, and 264 nonrelated strains were selected for further analysis. The main sources were eggs and their derivatives (21.6% of strains), poultry and related products (16.6%), and seafood (16.3%). High serotype diversity was detected (51 serotypes); the most common were Enteritidis (n = 96, 36.3%) and Typhimurium (n = 53, 20.1%), followed by a miscellaneous group of 49 different serotypes (n = 115, 43.5%). A 15% increase in Salmonella Enteritidis isolation was observed. Common phage types for Salmonella Enteritidis were PT1 (41.6% of isolates), PT4 (9.4%), PT6 (9.4%), and PT6a (9.4%), and common types for Salmonella Typhimurium were DTU302 (18.8%), DT104 (15.1%), and DT104B (13.2%). Salmonella Enteritidis strains were categorized into eight PFGE types with a similarity of 81 to 96%, and 73.9% of the strains were grouped into just one cluster. Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were divided into 13 PFGE types with a similarity of 64 to 86%, and one predominant clone contained 41.5% of the strains. Resistance rates for Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and the miscellaneous group were, respectively, 8.3, 69.8, and 13.9% for ampicillin, 3.1, 52.8, and 59% for streptomycin, 40.6, 22.6, and 10.4% for nalidixic acid, 15.6, 71.7, and 31.1% for tetracycline, 7.3, 18.8, and 9.5% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 0, 50.9, and 4.3% for chloramphenicol, and 6.2, 71.7, and 17.4% for multiple (at least four) antimicrobials. All the strains remained susceptible to other beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Surveillance of S. enterica isolated from food is strongly recommended to reduce community exposure to antimicrobial resistant strains.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Tipagem de Bacteriófagos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Ovos/microbiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Produtos Avícolas/microbiologia , Alimentos Marinhos/microbiologia , Sorotipagem , EspanhaRESUMO
The present study is the first conducted in Spain to estimate the bacteriological herd prevalence of Salmonella enterica in fattening units and to describe the Salmonella serovar diversity on these farms using a sample representative of the entire swine population. For this purpose, 10 faecal samples were collected from 10 different pens containing pigs close to market weight in a total of 232 fattening units. Total sample size was proportionally distributed according to the fattener census in each of the regions of the country and all the samples were examined by culture of 25 g of faecal material. One hundred (43.1%) farms had at least one Salmonella-positive sample (95% CI: 37-49.1%). Salmonella enterica was detected in 290 (12.5%) pooled faecal floor samples (95% CI: 11.2-13.8%). The apparent herd prevalence of salmonellosis was similar among multi-site, finishing and farrow to finish farms. Overall, 24 different serovars were identified, with S. Typhimurium, S. Rissen and S. Derby being the most common both at herd and sample level. Results of phage typing were available for the 91 isolates of S. Typhimurium. A total number of 10 different phage types were identified, with DT 193 being the most frequent. Phage types DT 104, DT 104b and DT U302, which have been associated with several multi-resistant patterns, accounted for 23% and 29% of the Typhimurium total isolates or Typhimurium infected farms respectively.
Assuntos
Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonella enterica , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Animais , Reservatórios de Doenças , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Carne , Prevalência , Salmonelose Animal/sangue , Salmonelose Animal/etiologia , Salmonelose Animal/transmissão , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Sorotipagem , Espanha/epidemiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/etiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , ZoonosesRESUMO
The differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea is extensive and requires the investigation of several diseases, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. A few patients infected by Trichuris trichiura may present a chronic dysentery-like syndrome in the context of a massive infestation of the colon leading to anemia and growth retardation, but the rarity of that finding demands a high level of suspicion. Herein we report the case of an 8-year-old boy from the rural zone who had suffered diarrhea without blood or mucus for 4 years and was taken to our Service because his mother had noticed the presence of blood on the feces on the 3 previous months. The diagnosis of a massive Trichuris trichiura infestation as the cause of the process was only reached by colonoscopy. We stress that Trichuris trichiura infection can mimic other forms of inflammatory bowel disease and lead to physical growth retardation and that prolonged regimens of albendazole may be required to the effective treatment of massive infestations.
Assuntos
Disenteria Amebiana/etiologia , Tricuríase/complicações , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil , Criança , Doença Crônica , Colonoscopia , Disenteria Amebiana/diagnóstico , Disenteria Amebiana/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tricuríase/diagnósticoRESUMO
Even though shigellosis in Spain is rare, an indigenous outbreak is occasionally detected. We describe an outbreak in a school in Madrid caused by person-to-person transmission of Shigella sonnei. After the detection of Shigella sonnei in a stool sample from a 3 year old girl, an investigation at her school was initiated. Questionnaires were distributed to the parents of 520 pupils attending the school. A case was defined as a school case if it was the first case in a child's household, and as a household case if other members of the household had fallen ill first. We identified 88 cases (60 pupils and 28 of their family members). The attack rate (AR) was 12% in the school and 32% in the families. There was a significant association between higher AR and lower age. The outbreak lasted for two months. The length and the shape of the epidemic curve of the 60 cases in pupils suggests person-to-person transmission. Shigella sonnei isolated from 5 different cases were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and was found to be an identical strain. The prolonged duration of the outbreak was probably due to delayed detection, and stopped as soon as control measures were introduced.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Disenteria Bacilar/prevenção & controle , Disenteria Bacilar/transmissão , Humanos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Even though shigellosis in Spain is rare, an indigenous outbreak is occasionally detected. We describe an outbreak in a school in Madrid caused by person-to-person transmission of Shigella sonnei. After the detection of Shigella sonnei in a stool sample from a 3 year old girl, an investigation at her school was initiated. Questionnaires were distributed to the parents of 520 pupils attending the school. A case was defined as a school case if it was the first case in a child's household, and as a household case if other members of the household had fallen ill first. We identified 88 cases (60 pupils and 28 of their family members). The attack rate (AR) was 12% in the school and 32% in the families. There was a significant association between higher AR and lower age. The outbreak lasted for two months. The length and the shape of the epidemic curve of the 60 cases in pupils suggests person-to-person transmission. Shigella sonnei isolated from 5 different cases were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and was found to be an identical strain. The prolonged duration of the outbreak was probably due to delayed detection, and stopped as soon as control measures were introduced.