Maintenance of medium- and high-complexity health services in the context of high patient transition: a time series ecological study of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. / Manutenção dos serviços de média e alta complexidade em contexto de alta transição de usuários: um estudo ecológico de séries temporais no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

The study addresses the historical disparities in the distribution of the medium- and high-complexity health network and the limits to budget adjustments between the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and its neighboring municipalities of the Metropolitan region 1. An ecological study was conducted with data related to the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, chosen because it has a large assistance network, while located on the borders of vulnerable and underprivileged areas, characterizing a locus that is representative of the situations faced throughout the country. A decrease in the gross values of the programmed quotas in all municipalities of Rio de Janeiro was observed from 2016 onwards. The temporal trend of the programmed quotas remained stable for all municipalities in the Metropolitan Region 1, even with significant increases in the accomplished quotas for neighboring municipalities. The resulting overload in local expenditure prevents the increase of capacity to anticipate fluctuations in demand, both known and unexpected ones, compromising the responsiveness of the health system regarding its regular operation, as well as the ability to adjust to cope with extraordinary events, essential characteristics of resilience.

O estudo explora as históricas disparidades regionais na distribuição da rede de média e alta complexidade e os limites impostos para a o remanejamento dos tetos de financiamento entre o município do Rio de Janeiro e municípios limítrofes da Região Metropolitana 1. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com dados referentes à cidade do Rio de Janeiro, escolhido por ter uma grande rede de assistência e limites com territórios vulneráveis e carentes de serviços de saúde, caracterizando um lócus representativo das situações enfrentadas em todo o país. Foi observado um decréscimo dos valores brutos das cotas programadas em todos os municípios do Rio de Janeiro a partir de 2016. A tendência temporal das cotas programadas se manteve estacionária para todos os municípios da Região Metropolitana 1, mesmo com aumentos significativos nas cotas para municípios limítrofes. A resultante sobrecarga no aporte local de recursos impede o aumento da capacidade para antecipar flutuações de demanda, tanto conhecidas quanto inesperadas, comprometendo a responsividade do sistema de saúde no que respeita seu funcionamento regular, bem como a capacidade de ajuste para lidar com eventos extraordinários, características essenciais da resiliência.

Manutenção dos serviços de média e alta complexidade em contexto de alta transição de usuários: um estudo ecológico de séries temporais no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Maintenance of medium- and high-complexity health services in the context of high patient transition: a time series ecological study of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo O estudo explora as históricas disparidades regionais na distribuição da rede de média e alta complexidade e os limites impostos para a o remanejamento dos tetos de financiamento entre o município do Rio de Janeiro e municípios limítrofes da Região Metropolitana 1. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com dados referentes à cidade do Rio de Janeiro, escolhido por ter uma grande rede de assistência e limites com territórios vulneráveis e carentes de serviços de saúde, caracterizando um lócus representativo das situações enfrentadas em todo o país. Foi observado um decréscimo dos valores brutos das cotas programadas em todos os municípios do Rio de Janeiro a partir de 2016. A tendência temporal das cotas programadas se manteve estacionária para todos os municípios da Região Metropolitana 1, mesmo com aumentos significativos nas cotas para municípios limítrofes. A resultante sobrecarga no aporte local de recursos impede o aumento da capacidade para antecipar flutuações de demanda, tanto conhecidas quanto inesperadas, comprometendo a responsividade do sistema de saúde no que respeita seu funcionamento regular, bem como a capacidade de ajuste para lidar com eventos extraordinários, características essenciais da resiliência.

Abstract The study addresses the historical disparities in the distribution of the medium- and high-complexity health network and the limits to budget adjustments between the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and its neighboring municipalities of the Metropolitan region 1. An ecological study was conducted with data related to the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, chosen because it has a large assistance network, while located on the borders of vulnerable and underprivileged areas, characterizing a locus that is representative of the situations faced throughout the country. A decrease in the gross values of the programmed quotas in all municipalities of Rio de Janeiro was observed from 2016 onwards. The temporal trend of the programmed quotas remained stable for all municipalities in the Metropolitan Region 1, even with significant increases in the accomplished quotas for neighboring municipalities. The resulting overload in local expenditure prevents the increase of capacity to anticipate fluctuations in demand, both known and unexpected ones, compromising the responsiveness of the health system regarding its regular operation, as well as the ability to adjust to cope with extraordinary events, essential characteristics of resilience.

High seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum is linked to immune activation in people with HIV: a two-stage cross-sectional study in Bahia, Brazil.

Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic disease in HIV-1 infected individuals, unrecognized as a determining factor for AIDS diagnosis. The growing geographical overlap of HIV-1 and Leishmania infections is an emerging challenge worldwide, as co-infection increases morbidity and mortality for both infections. Here, we determined the prevalence of people living with HIV (PWH) with a previous or ongoing infection by Leishmania infantum and investigated the virological and immunological factors associated with co-infection. We adopted a two-stage cross-sectional cohort (CSC) design (CSC-I, n = 5,346 and CSC-II, n = 317) of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in Bahia, Brazil. In CSC-I, samples collected between 1998 and 2013 were used for serological screening for leishmaniasis by an in-house Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with SLA (Soluble Leishmania infantum Antigen), resulting in a prevalence of previous or ongoing infection of 16.27%. Next, 317 PWH were prospectively recruited from July 2014 to December 2015 with the collection of sociodemographic and clinical data. Serological validation by two different immunoassays confirmed a prevalence of 15.46 and 8.20% by anti-SLA, and anti-HSP70 serology, respectively, whereas 4.73% were double-positive (DP). Stratification of these 317 individuals in DP and double-negative (DN) revealed a significant reduction of CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratios and a tendency of increased viral load in the DP group, as compared to DN. No statistical differences in HIV-1 subtype distribution were observed between the two groups. However, we found a significant increase of CXCL10 (p = 0.0076) and a tendency of increased CXCL9 (p = 0.061) in individuals with DP serology, demonstrating intensified immune activation in this group. These findings were corroborated at the transcriptome level in independent Leishmania- and HIV-1-infected cohorts (Swiss HIV Cohort and Piaui Northeast Brazil Cohort), indicating that CXCL10 transcripts are shared by the IFN-dominated immune activation gene signatures of both pathogens and positively correlated to viral load in untreated PWH. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of PWH with L. infantum seropositivity in Bahia, Brazil, linked to IFN-mediated immune activation and a significant decrease in CD4+ levels. Our results highlight the urgent need to increase awareness and define public health strategies for the management and prevention of HIV-1 and L. infantum co-infection.

Nursing Interventions for Patients With Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction Arising From Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A Scoping Review.

PURPOSE: We mapped key concepts and identified 4 fundamental nursing interventions for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction due to complete spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: A scoping review was conducted according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were performed in PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, COCHRANE, and SCOPUS electronic databases. We use searched the gray literature using the Google Scholar search engine. We formulated a question to guide the search, based on the participants, concept, and context format: "What are the key manual nursing interventions performed in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction resulting from complete spinal cord injury?" We included nursing intervention strategies that may be performed by health professionals, patients, or caregivers. Two reviewers independently participated in the selection; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer and 5 experts. FINDINGS: Thirteen studies conducted between 1998 and 2019 were selected; 5 were randomized clinical trials. Four main interventions were identified for conservative management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with complete SCI. They were digital-anal stimulation, manual extraction of feces, abdominal massage, and strategies used to stimulate the gastrocolic reflex. CONCLUSIONS: Research suggests that each of these interventions, administered alone or in combination, supports bowel evacuation in patients with a complete SCI. Each of these interventions may be performed by a nurse, and taught to the patient and/or lay caregiver. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: An individualized bowel management program for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction due to SCI is necessary to ensure regular bowel evacuation, preserve fecal continence, and support dignity and health-related quality of life. The conservative interventions identified in this scoping review should be incorporated in protocols or guidelines for management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in this vulnerable population.

Hunting for Genes Underlying Emotionality in the Laboratory Rat: Maps, Tools and Traps.

Scientists have systematically investigated the hereditary bases of behaviors since the 19th century, moved by either evolutionary questions or clinically-motivated purposes. The pioneer studies on the genetic selection of laboratory animals had already indicated, one hundred years ago, the immense complexity of analyzing behaviors that were influenced by a large number of small-effect genes and an incalculable amount of environmental factors. Merging Mendelian, quantitative and molecular approaches in the 1990s made it possible to map specific rodent behaviors to known chromosome regions. From that point on, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analyses coupled with behavioral and molecular techniques, which involved in vivo isolation of relevant blocks of genes, opened new avenues for gene mapping and characterization. This review examines the QTL strategy applied to the behavioral study of emotionality, with a focus on the laboratory rat. We discuss the challenges, advances and limitations of the search for Quantitative Trait Genes (QTG) playing a role in regulating emotionality. For the past 25 years, we have marched the long journey from emotionality-related behaviors to genes. In this context, our experiences are used to illustrate why and how one should move forward in the molecular understanding of complex psychiatric illnesses. The promise of exploring genetic links between immunological and emotional responses are also discussed. New strategies based on humans, rodents and other animals (such as zebrafish) are also acknowledged, as they are likely to allow substantial progress to be made in the near future.

Considerations for addressing anti-vaccination campaigns: How did we get here and what can we do about it?

A course on vaccine development asked students to write a blog addressing general anti-vaccination strategies and their significance today, in the context of the resistance seen against novel SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. This perspective explores how and why these efforts are successful at reducing vaccine uptake and why, for the most part, efforts to combat the movement have been unsuccessful. This summary of the collective view of the class provides recommendations for combatting current and future campaigns of misinformation. It is hoped that this perspective will serve as a call to action for clinical pharmacologists and translational scientists to do their part to educate the lay community and promote the science in an open and transparent manner to ensure that current and future vaccines fulfill their potential.

Previne Brasil Program: the apex of threats to Primary Health Care? / Programa Previne Brasil: o ápice das ameaças à Atenção Primária à Saúde?

Since 2017, the Brazilian health system is facing a wave of counter-reforms in policies that have expanded coverage and access and intended to change the care model. Primary Health Care (PHC) has been substantially modified by synergistic and complementary federal official acts. The creation of federal autonomous social service for the provision of doctors; public consultation to institute basket of consumption in healthcare; the flexibility of the weekly workload of doctors and nurses, who may integrate more than one team; the non-setting of a minimum number of community health workers per team form the context in which the Previne Brasil Program was launched to be in force by 2020. The government's argument is to increase: flexibility and local autonomy to organize services, greater efficiency and valorization. of performance. Criticism from sanitarians, some state councils of municipal authorities and the National Health Council points to the privatizing, marketing, selective and focused character of the proposal that is moving towards universal health coverage. This paper analyzes the Previne Brazil Program which, among other things, alters funding and suggests increasing resources for PHC in a context of freezing social spending. Contradictions and alternatives are identified to minimize potential damage to existing policies.

Desde 2017, o sistema de saúde brasileiro enfrenta uma onda de contrarreformas em políticas que ampliaram cobertura e acesso e pretenderam mudar o modelo assistencial. A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) tem sido atingida por atos oficiais, sinérgicos e complementares, que a alteram substancialmente. A criação de serviço social autônomo federal para provisão de médicos; a consulta pública para instituir cesta de serviços; a flexibilização da carga horária semanal de médicos e enfermeiros, que poderão integrar mais de uma equipe; a não fixação de quantitativo mínimo de agentes comunitários de saúde por equipe; formam o contexto em que o Programa Previne Brasil foi lançado para vigorar em 2020. O argumento do governo é de aumento de flexibilidade e autonomia local para organizar serviços, maior eficiência e valorização do desempenho. Críticas de sanitaristas, de alguns conselhos estaduais de gestores municipais e do Conselho Nacional de Saúde apontam o caráter privatizante, mercadológico, seletivo e focalizado da proposta que caminha na direção da cobertura universal em saúde. Este artigo analisa o Programa Previne Brasil que altera o financiamento e sugere aumento de recursos para APS numa conjuntura de congelamento do gasto social. Identificam-se contradições e alternativas.

Deep immune profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19.

Pediatric COVID-19 following SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with fewer hospitalizations and often milder disease than in adults. A subset of children, however, present with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) that can lead to vascular complications and shock, but rarely death. The immune features of MIS-C compared to pediatric COVID-19 or adult disease remain poorly understood. We analyzed peripheral blood immune responses in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients (pediatric COVID-19) and patients with MIS-C. MIS-C patients had patterns of T cell-biased lymphopenia and T cell activation similar to severely ill adults, and all patients with MIS-C had SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies at admission. A distinct feature of MIS-C patients was robust activation of vascular patrolling CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells that correlated with the use of vasoactive medication. Finally, whereas pediatric COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had sustained immune activation, MIS-C patients displayed clinical improvement over time, concomitant with decreasing immune activation. Thus, non-MIS-C versus MIS-C SARS-CoV-2 associated illnesses are characterized by divergent immune signatures that are temporally distinct from one another and implicate CD8+ T cells in the clinical presentation and trajectory of MIS-C.

Deep Immune Profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19.

Pediatric COVID-19 following SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with fewer hospitalizations and often milder disease than in adults. A subset of children, however, present with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) that can lead to vascular complications and shock, but rarely death. The immune features of MIS-C compared to pediatric COVID-19 or adult disease remain poorly understood. We analyzed peripheral blood immune responses in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients (pediatric COVID-19) and patients with MIS-C. MIS-C patients had patterns of T cell-biased lymphopenia and T cell activation similar to severely ill adults, and all patients with MIS-C had SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies at admission. A distinct feature of MIS-C patients was robust activation of vascular patrolling CX3CR1+ CD8 T cells that correlated with use of vasoactive medication. Finally, whereas pediatric COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had sustained immune activation, MIS-C patients displayed clinical improvement over time, concomitant with decreasing immune activation. Thus, non-MIS-C versus MIS-C SARS-CoV-2 associated illnesses are characterized by divergent immune signatures that are temporally distinct and implicate CD8 T cells in clinical presentation and trajectory of MIS-C.

p.G360R Is a Pathogenic GLA Gene Mutation Responsible for a Classic Phenotype of Fabry Disease.

The authors report the case of a classic phenotype of Fabry disease in a 60-year-old male patient presenting with left ventricular hypertrophy and stroke. Genetic analysis revealed 2 GLA-gene variants, i.e., p.R356Q and p.G360R. This clinical case highlights that the finding of 2 or more GLA gene variants in a Fabry patient should lead to a careful evaluation in order to determine their exact role in the condition. This case also provides the first clinical evidence that the p.G360R mutation is pathogenic and responsible for a classic phenotype of Fabry disease. The clinical improvement following the initiation of enzyme replacement therapy reinforces the importance of Fabry disease awareness and diagnosis in patients exhibiting red flags, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and stroke.

[Primary health care and Social Organizations in capitals in the Southeast Region of Brazil: 2009 and 2014]. / Atenção primária à saúde e Organizações Sociais nas capitais da Região Sudeste do Brasil: 2009 e 2014.

This study focuses on the primary health care (PHC) performance of the four capitals of the Southeast Region of Brazil in the years 2009 and 2014 in terms of the indicators of the 2013-2015 Guidelines and Goals Pact (PDM, in Portuguese). Two capitals turned to Social Organizations (OS, in Portuguese) and two kept the provision and administration of PHC through Direct Administration (AD, in Portuguese), configuring distinct management models. Freely accessible secondary data and research on websites subsidized the characterization of the cities and their PHC performance. The characterization was based on demographic and socioeconomic data, PHC management model, health and PHC spending, importance of the Municipal Participation Fund for the budget and percentage of Executive Branch spending on personnel. In order to measure PHC performance, we calculated 13 indicators for 2009 and 2014, in three PDM guidelines: (i) access, (ii) integral care for women and children's health and (iii) reduction of health risks and harms. The comparative performance analysis considered the year 2014 and each capital's evolution during the period we analyzed. The capitals São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, with OS management, did not have a better performance in the set of indicators than the capitals than maintained a direct administration. We highlight the rapid expansion in PHC coverage in Rio de Janeiro through OS. In the performance evolution, there was improvement in indicators such as child mortality and hospital admissions due to conditions sensible to PHC in all capitals. The cities are different with regard to many parameters that can influence PHC performance. We did not intend to establish a direct relationship between the administration model and performance.

Este estudo focaliza o desempenho das quatro capitais da Região Sudeste do Brasil na atenção primária à saúde (APS), nos anos de 2009 e 2014, em relação a indicadores do Pacto de Diretrizes e Metas (PDM) 2013-2015. Duas capitais recorreram a Organizações Sociais (OS) e duas mantiveram a prestação e a gerência da APS mediante a Administração Direta (AD), configurando modelos distintos de gestão. Dados secundários de acesso livre e pesquisa em sítios eletrônicos subsidiaram a caracterização das cidades e o seu desempenho em APS. A caracterização foi baseada em dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, modelo de gestão da APS, gastos com saúde e APS, importância do Fundo de Participação Municipal no orçamento e percentual de despesas do Poder Executivo com pessoal. Para medir o desempenho em APS, 13 indicadores foram calculados para 2009 e 2014, em três diretrizes do PDM: (i) acesso, (ii) atenção integral à saúde da mulher e da criança, e (iii) redução dos riscos e agravos à saúde. A análise comparativa do desempenho considerou o ano de 2014 e a evolução de cada capital no período analisado. As capitais São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, de gestão por OS, não obtiveram melhor desempenho no conjunto de indicadores em relação às que mantiveram a gestão por AD. Destaca-se a rápida expansão de cobertura de APS no Rio de Janeiro mediante OS. Na evolução do desempenho houve melhoria em indicadores como mortalidade infantil e internações por condições sensíveis à APS em todas as capitais. As cidades são distintas em relação a diversos parâmetros que podem influenciar o desempenho em APS e não se pretendeu estabelecer relação direta entre o modelo de gestão adotado e o desempenho medido.

Este estudio se centra en el desempeño de las cuatro capitales de la región sudeste en lo que se refiere a la atención primaria de salud (APS), durante los años 2009 y 2014, respecto a los indicadores del Pacto de Directrices y Metas (PDM) 2013-2015. Dos capitales recurrieron a organizaciones sociales (OS) y dos mantuvieron la prestación y la gerencia de la APS, mediante la Administración Directa (AD), configurando modelos distintos de gestión. Los datos secundarios de acceso libre e investigación en sitios electrónicos ayudaron en la caracterización de las cedads y su desempeño en la APS. La caracterización se basó en datos demográficos y socioeconómicos, modelo de gestión de la APS, gastos de salud y APS, importancia del Fondo de Participación Municipal en el presupuesto y porcentaje de gastos del Poder Ejecutivo en personal. Para medir el desempeño de la APS, se calcularon 13 indicadores para 2009 y 2014, en tres directrices del PDM: acceso, atención integral a la salud de la mujer y del niño, así como reducción de riesgos y efectos dañinos para la salud. El análisis comparativo del desempeño consideró el año 2014 y la evolución de cada capital durante el período analizado. Las capitales São Paulo y Río de Janeiro, de gestión mediante OS, no obtuvieron mejor desempeño en el conjunto de indicadores referentes a las que mantuvieron la gestión vía AD. Se destacó la rápida expansión de cobertura de APS en Río de Janeiro mediante OS. En la evolución del desempeño hubo una mejoría en indicadores como mortalidad infantil e internamientos por condiciones sensibles a la APS en todas las capitales. Las cedads son distintas, en relación con diversos parámetros que pueden influenciar en el desempeño de la APS y no se pretendió establecer relación directa entre el modelo de gestión adoptado y el desempeño medido.

Atenção primária à saúde e Organizações Sociais nas capitais da Região Sudeste do Brasil: 2009 e 2014 / Primary health care and Social Organizations in capitals in the Southeast Region of Brazil: 2009 and 2014 / Atención primaria de salud y Organizaciones Sociales en las capitales de la región sudeste de Brasil: 2009 y 2014

Este estudo focaliza o desempenho das quatro capitais da Região Sudeste do Brasil na atenção primária à saúde (APS), nos anos de 2009 e 2014, em relação a indicadores do Pacto de Diretrizes e Metas (PDM) 2013-2015. Duas capitais recorreram a Organizações Sociais (OS) e duas mantiveram a prestação e a gerência da APS mediante a Administração Direta (AD), configurando modelos distintos de gestão. Dados secundários de acesso livre e pesquisa em sítios eletrônicos subsidiaram a caracterização das cidades e o seu desempenho em APS. A caracterização foi baseada em dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, modelo de gestão da APS, gastos com saúde e APS, importância do Fundo de Participação Municipal no orçamento e percentual de despesas do Poder Executivo com pessoal. Para medir o desempenho em APS, 13 indicadores foram calculados para 2009 e 2014, em três diretrizes do PDM: (i) acesso, (ii) atenção integral à saúde da mulher e da criança, e (iii) redução dos riscos e agravos à saúde. A análise comparativa do desempenho considerou o ano de 2014 e a evolução de cada capital no período analisado. As capitais São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, de gestão por OS, não obtiveram melhor desempenho no conjunto de indicadores em relação às que mantiveram a gestão por AD. Destaca-se a rápida expansão de cobertura de APS no Rio de Janeiro mediante OS. Na evolução do desempenho houve melhoria em indicadores como mortalidade infantil e internações por condições sensíveis à APS em todas as capitais. As cidades são distintas em relação a diversos parâmetros que podem influenciar o desempenho em APS e não se pretendeu estabelecer relação direta entre o modelo de gestão adotado e o desempenho medido.

This study focuses on the primary health care (PHC) performance of the four capitals of the Southeast Region of Brazil in the years 2009 and 2014 in terms of the indicators of the 2013-2015 Guidelines and Goals Pact (PDM, in Portuguese). Two capitals turned to Social Organizations (OS, in Portuguese) and two kept the provision and administration of PHC through Direct Administration (AD, in Portuguese), configuring distinct management models. Freely accessible secondary data and research on websites subsidized the characterization of the cities and their PHC performance. The characterization was based on demographic and socioeconomic data, PHC management model, health and PHC spending, importance of the Municipal Participation Fund for the budget and percentage of Executive Branch spending on personnel. In order to measure PHC performance, we calculated 13 indicators for 2009 and 2014, in three PDM guidelines: (i) access, (ii) integral care for women and children's health and (iii) reduction of health risks and harms. The comparative performance analysis considered the year 2014 and each capital's evolution during the period we analyzed. The capitals São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, with OS management, did not have a better performance in the set of indicators than the capitals than maintained a direct administration. We highlight the rapid expansion in PHC coverage in Rio de Janeiro through OS. In the performance evolution, there was improvement in indicators such as child mortality and hospital admissions due to conditions sensible to PHC in all capitals. The cities are different with regard to many parameters that can influence PHC performance. We did not intend to establish a direct relationship between the administration model and performance.

Este estudio se centra en el desempeño de las cuatro capitales de la región sudeste en lo que se refiere a la atención primaria de salud (APS), durante los años 2009 y 2014, respecto a los indicadores del Pacto de Directrices y Metas (PDM) 2013-2015. Dos capitales recurrieron a organizaciones sociales (OS) y dos mantuvieron la prestación y la gerencia de la APS, mediante la Administración Directa (AD), configurando modelos distintos de gestión. Los datos secundarios de acceso libre e investigación en sitios electrónicos ayudaron en la caracterización de las cedads y su desempeño en la APS. La caracterización se basó en datos demográficos y socioeconómicos, modelo de gestión de la APS, gastos de salud y APS, importancia del Fondo de Participación Municipal en el presupuesto y porcentaje de gastos del Poder Ejecutivo en personal. Para medir el desempeño de la APS, se calcularon 13 indicadores para 2009 y 2014, en tres directrices del PDM: acceso, atención integral a la salud de la mujer y del niño, así como reducción de riesgos y efectos dañinos para la salud. El análisis comparativo del desempeño consideró el año 2014 y la evolución de cada capital durante el período analizado. Las capitales São Paulo y Río de Janeiro, de gestión mediante OS, no obtuvieron mejor desempeño en el conjunto de indicadores referentes a las que mantuvieron la gestión vía AD. Se destacó la rápida expansión de cobertura de APS en Río de Janeiro mediante OS. En la evolución del desempeño hubo una mejoría en indicadores como mortalidad infantil e internamientos por condiciones sensibles a la APS en todas las capitales. Las cedads son distintas, en relación con diversos parámetros que pueden influenciar en el desempeño de la APS y no se pretendió establecer relación directa entre el modelo de gestión adoptado y el desempeño medido.

Evaluation of Rubber Tree Clones Under Different Tapping Systems in Northwestern Paraná State, Brazil

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the potential of rubber tree clones (Hevea spp.) under four tapping systems for the Northwestern region of the State of Paraná with the objective of enhance genetic diversification and increase natural rubber production in this new and promising region for rubber tree cultivation by selecting the better combination of clone and tapping system. The experiment was installed at Guanabara Farm, municipality of Paranapoema, Paraná State, in a split-plot randomized complete blocks experimental design with three replications. In the plots 12 clones were tested, namely RRIM 600 (control), IRCA 18, IRCA 111, IRCA 130, PB 235, PB 252, PB 260, PB 330, IAC 15, IAC 35, IAC 41 and RO 38. The subplot treatments consisted of four tapping systems: 1) ½ S d/4 ET 2.5%, 2) ½ S d/4, 3) ½ S d/7 ET 2.5% and 4) ½ S d/7. Dry rubber production was evaluated over a period of two years. Due to the higher productivity the clones IRCA 130, IRCA 111, IRCA 18, IAC 35, IAC 41, IAC 15, PB 260 and PB 235 are suggested to be planted at a proportion of 5% to 10% of the total area in commercial plantings for more detailed evaluation. Because of their significantly lower productivity, the clones PB 330, PB 252 and RO 38 should not be recommended, as well as the tapping system S d/7 ½ without stimulation.

Terceirização e desempenho da atenção primária à saúde nas capitais brasileiras / Outsourcing and performance of primary health care in Brazilian capitals

Neste capítulo, se analisa o desempenho das capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal na APS mediante indicadores selecionados, nos anos 2008 e 2012, considerando a experiência anterior ou atual dessas cidades com a terceirização da gestão e da prestação de serviços em APS.(AU)

Olmesartan-Induced Enteropathy: An Unusual Cause of Villous Atrophy.

We report a case of a 63-year-old-man presenting with chronic diarrhea and weight loss while on olmesartan treatment for hypertension. Investigation showed multiple nutritional deficiencies associated with diffuse intestinal villous atrophy. Serologies for celiac disease were negative and other causes of villous atrophy were excluded. Olmesartan as a precipitant agent was suspected and withdrawn. Clinical improvement occurred in days with no need for other therapeutic measures. Follow-up at three months showed clinical remission and almost complete recovery of intestinal atrophy. Olmesartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker commonly prescribed for the management of hypertension. Spruelike enteropathy associated with this drug is a recently described entity with few cases reported. It presents with chronic diarrhea and intestinal villous atrophy and should be included in its differential diagnosis. This case intends to alert clinicians for the possibility of this event in a patient on treatment with this drug.

Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 63 anos com diarreia crónica e perda ponderal. Apresentava hipertensão arterial tratada com olmesartan. A investigação complementar mostrou múltiplos défices nutricionais associados a atrofia vilositária intestinal difusa. As serologias de doença celíaca foram negativas e outras causas de atrofia vilositária foram excluídas. Suspeitou-se do olmesartan como agente precipitante, sendo este suspenso. Observou-se melhoria clínica em dias, sem necessidade de outras medidas terapêuticas. No seguimento, aos 3 meses, constatou-se remissão clínica e recuperação quase completa da atrofia intestinal.O olmesartan é um bloqueador dos recetores da angiotensina, geralmente prescrito no tratamento da hipertensão. A enteropatia "spruelike" associada a este fármaco é uma entidade recentemente descrita, com poucos casos reportados. Manifesta-se por diarreia crónica associada a atrofia vilositária intestinal, devendo ser incluída no seu diagnóstico diferencial. Com este caso pretende-se alertar os clínicos para a possibilidade deste evento em doentes sob tratamento com este fármaco.

A novel one-dimensional chain built of vanadyl ions and pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylate.

We present a new coordination polymer, {[VO(pzdc)(H2O)2] H2O}n, built from vanadyl and pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylate (pzdc) ions. It consists of a one-dimensional chain of vanadyl ions linked by pzdc ions. The carboxylate groups show monodentate coordination, while the pyrazine ring is present both in non-coordinated and coordinated modes. This novel structure is stabilized by an intricate network of hydrogen bonds. The material is highly robust, and thermally stable up to 400 K. It is also antiferromagnetic, with a maximum magnetic susceptibility at ca. 50 K. The orbital shape and population analysis by means of DFT analysis confirm the π-acceptor role of the aromatic nitrogen function of the ligand, while the oxygen-based moieties (carboxylates from pzdc, the aqua ligands and oxo from V=O group) behave as normal donors. Charting the density flow related with significant transitions computed by time-dependent DFT, we determined the ligand-to-metal charge transfer processes. The topology of the chain complex implies two different types of connecting bridges. Using Broken Symmetry DFT modelling gives evidence for two different exchange coupling mechanisms between the vanadyl ions along each of these two molecular bridges. One is strongly antiferromagnetic, practically reducing the chain to 'vanadyl dimers'. The other is almost uncoupled, due to the large distance between the vanadyl ions.