Analysis of Colostrum Therapy Administration Protocols in Newborns: An Integrative Review.

Objective: The present study aims to describe the clinical protocols used for administration of colostrum therapy in newborns. Methods: An integrative review was carried out in the following databases: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Embase, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and LIVIVO, using a combination of controlled terms in English, such as "Infant, Newborn," "Colostrum," and "Administration, Oral" associated with the entry terms and keywords. The selection of studies was carried out by reading titles and abstracts, through the Rayyan program to apply inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then reading them in full. Results: Five thousand eight hundred eighty-four studies were found in the databases; 15 studies were included in this review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles presented variations in terms of cutoff criteria regarding gestational age and weight classification, in addition to the diversification between the beginning and the end of the application of colostrum therapy. In contrast, there was a predominance of the site of administration, type of colostrum used, and time to offer maternal colostrum. Conclusions: The studies present differences in terms of clinical parameters for standardizing the procedure. Therefore, this study can contribute to the generalized implementation of colostrum therapy in neonatal units through creation of a standard operating procedure based on systematization of the analyzed studies.

Distribution of potential suitable hammers and transport of hammer tools and nuts by wild capuchin monkeys.

Selection and transport of objects to use as tools at a distant site are considered to reflect planning. Ancestral humans transported tools and tool-making materials as well as food items. Wild chimpanzees also transport selected hammer tools and nuts to anvil sites. To date, we had no other examples of selection and transport of stone tools among wild nonhuman primates. Wild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus) in Boa Vista (Piauí, Brazil) routinely crack open palm nuts and other physically well-protected foods on level surfaces (anvils) using stones (hammers) as percussive tools. Here we present indirect evidence, obtained by a transect census, that stones suitable for use as hammers are rare (study 1) and behavioral evidence of hammer transport by twelve capuchins (study 2). To crack palm nuts, adults transported heavier and harder stones than to crack other less resistant food items. These findings show that wild capuchin monkeys selectively transport stones of appropriate size and hardness to use as hammers, thus exhibiting, like chimpanzees and humans, planning in tool-use activities.