Hydrothorax and air fluid levels in the right chest - a diagnostic dilemma.

SUMMARY: A diaphragmatic defect that permits abdominal contents to herniate into the right side of the chest is rare. In adults with right-sided diaphragmatic hernias, few occur without a history of trauma, and even fewer are symptomatic. This case report illustrates such a case and the rare entity of an anterolaterally located hernia. Although uncommon and easily missed, consequences of diaphragmatic hernias can be disastrous. The importance of a combination of high clinical suspicion and the use of computed tomography (CT) to aid diagnosis, and the dangers of a surgical condition being incorrectly assessed and admitted to a non-surgical specialty are highlighted in this case.

Trans-anal small bowel evisceration in a patient with a perforated rectal prolapse.

SUMMARY: An 85-year-old lady with a history of chronic constipation presented with gangrenous small bowel protruding from the anus through a hole in a prolapsed rectum. At surgery, a resection of 125 cm of gangrenous small bowel was performed in the perineum prior to laparotomy, where rectal repair was followed by the creation of a sigmoid loop colostomy and double-barrel ileostomy. This avoided an intrabdominal anastomosis which was felt likely to complicate due to the lady's intraoperative haemodynamic instability requiring inotropic support. This tailored management of a trans-anal small bowel evisceration through a rectal prolapse resulted in recovery and a patient who was content with her stomas and preferred to live with them rather than have continuity restored.

Lessons learned from the endovascular management of blunt thoracic aortic injuries: A single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAIs) remain a leading cause of death after blunt trauma. In severe injuries, thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has provided a less invasive alternative to conventional open repair. OBJECTIVE: To report the TEVAR-related complications and uncertainties in patients who presented with traumatic pseudoaneurysms (grade III BTAI). METHODS: From April 2004 to February 2012, 55 patients (42 male, mean age 34.7 years) with severe BTAI were treated with stent grafts. Computed tomography (CT) was used to diagnose the injuries, and follow-up scans were planned at 6 and 12 months. We report the complications and the technical uncertainties related to the procedure. RESULTS: Successful sealing of the injury sites was achieved in all patients, either with a thoracic stent graft (53/55) or infrarenal aortic aneurysm extender cuffs (2/55). During hospitalisation, 13 patients died after TEVAR (mean 14 days). Procedure-related complications included left common carotid artery coverage (1/55), ischaemic left leg (1/55) and graft collapse (1/55). The procedurerelated uncertainties included excessive graft oversizing (15/55), poor graft apposition to the inner curve of the aorta (19/55) and left subclavian artery coverage (24/55). CONCLUSION: Stent grafts appear safe and effective in treating pseudoaneurysms caused by BTAI. However, they are likely to be associated with long-term complications and monitoring strategies of >30 years may be necessary.