Exploring Microbial Contributions to Nutraceutical Production: From Natural to Designed Foods.

For ages, societies throughout the world have used fermentation as a traditional method for food processing and preservation, helping to create a wide range of staple foods and delicacies. Due to its possible health advantages, mostly attributable to the inclusion of bioactive substances known as nutraceuticals, fermented foods have attracted a lot of interest recently. This in-depth analysis examines the wide range of nutraceuticals present in fermented foods, as well as how they are made, what health benefits they may have, and how they may be used in the nutraceutical and functional food businesses. By stressing how important fermented foods are as a source of beneficial bioactive components that support human health and well-being. Numerous bioactive substances found in fermented foods have been the subject of recent scientific studies. These molecules may find use in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus johnsonii are just a few examples of the probiotic bacteria that live in fermented foods and formulas. This review elucidates the importance of microorganisms sourced from fermented foods as potent agents for diverse nutraceuticals and their potential role in preventing various diseases whilst serving as functional food supplements.

A review on simultaneous heavy metal removal and organo-contaminants degradation by potential microbes: Current findings and future outlook.

Industrial processes result in the production of heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceuticals, micropollutants, and PFAS (per- and polyfluorinated substances). Heavy metals are currently a significant problem in drinking water and other natural water bodies, including soil, which has an adverse impact on the environment as a whole. The heavy metal is highly poisonous, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to humans as well as other animals. Multiple polluted sites, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, have been observed to co-occur with heavy metals and organo-pollutants. Pesticides and heavy metals can be degraded and removed concurrently from various metals and pesticide-contaminated matrixes due to microbial processes that include a variety of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, as well as fungi. Numerous studies have examined the removal of heavy metals and organic-pollutants from different types of systems, but none of them have addressed the removal of these co-occurring heavy metals and organic pollutants and the use of microbes to do so. Therefore, the main focus of this review is on the recent developments in the concurrent microbial degradation of organo-pollutants and heavy metal removal. The limitations related to the simultaneous removal and degradation of heavy metals and organo-pollutant pollutants have also been taken into account.

Development of Zn biofertilizer microbeads encapsulating Enterobacter ludwigii-PS10 mediated alginate, starch, poultry waste and its efficacy in Solanum lycopersicum growth enhancement.

In the present farming era, rhizobacteria as beneficial biofertilizers can decrease the negative effects of Zinc (Zn) agrochemicals. However, their commercial viability and utility are constrained by their instability under field conditions. Thus, to enhance their stability, microbial formulations are considered, which will not only offer an appropriate microenvironment, and protection but also ensure a high rate of rhizospheric-colonization. The goal of this study was to create a new formulation for the Zn-solubilizing bacteria E. ludwigii-PS10. The studied formulation was prepared using the extrusion technique, wherein a composite solution containing alginate, starch, zinc oxide, and poultry waste was uniformly mixed with the bacterial strain PS10 to develop low-cost, eco-friendly, and slow-release microbeads. The produced microbead was spherical, and characterized by SEM, FTIR, and XRD. Further, the microbeads were analyzed for their survival stability over 3 months of storage at room temperature and 4 °C. The effect of the microbead on the vegetative growth of tomato plants was investigated. Results showed that 94 % of the encapsulated microbial beads (EMB) matrix was able to encapsulate the bacterial strain PS10. The dried EMB demonstrated a moisture content of 2.87 % and was able to preserve E. ludwigii-PS10 survival at room temperature at the rate of 85.6 %. The application of the microbead to the tomato plants significantly increased plant biomass and Zn content. As a result, our findings support the use of this novel EMB prepared using an alginate/poultry waste/starch mixture to increase bacterial cell viability and plant growth.

Comparison of diversity and zinc solubilizing efficiency of rhizobacteria obtained from solanaceous crops under polyhouse and open field conditions.

Zinc-solubilizing bacteria (Zn-SB) play a crucial role in regulating soil fertility and plant health by maintaining Zn availability in the rhizosphere. It is uncertain how the Zn-SB population fluctuates across various cultivation systems since varied land-use patterns for agricultural aims may affect microbial activity and plant development effectiveness. The current study aims to examine the Zn-SB potential of various farming systems using Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, and Capsicum annuum grown in polyhouse soil (PS) and open fields (OF). Only twenty rhizobacterial isolates from PS and two isolates from OF out of 80 showed a strong ability to solubilize Zn, which was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Bacterial strain-PS4 solubilized 253.06 ppm of ZnO and produced a high quantity of lactic acid (168.62 g/ml) and acetic acid (470.5 g/ml), whereas bacterial strain OF1 solubilized 16.02 ppm of ZnO by releasing glycolic acid (42.89 g/ml), lactic acid (22.30 g/ml), formic acid (106.03 g/ml), and acetic acid (48.5 µg/ml). Further, in vitro studies demonstrated higher production of auxin, gibberellic acid and siderophore by PS1 as compared to OF1 strain. A large diversity of Zn-SB in the soil was indicated by biochemical analysis, which revealed that isolates belonged to the families Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Streptococcaceae, Paenibacillaceae, Micrococcaceae, Morganellaceae, and Dietziaceae. The isolates PS4 and OF1 were identified as Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter hormaechei, respectively, using 16S rRNA sequencing. The findings show that soil from polyhouses has a greater diversity of Zn-solubilization rhizobacteria than soil from open areas. The findings suggested a potential land-use method for enhancing crop yields by employing microorganisms and polyhouse technology, which could be useful in the future study.

Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes of Zinc Solubilizing Dietzia maris Isolated from Polyhouse Rhizospheric Soil of Punjab.

Zinc solubilizing rhizobacteria (ZSR) enhance the phyto-availability of Zn by converting its insoluble forms into usable forms that are essential for the growth and nutritional quality of crops. In the present study, a potential ZSR, hereafter referred to as strain N14, was isolated from the polyhouse rhizospheric soil of Punjab, India. The isolated rhizobacteria was found to be Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, and demonstrated a solubilization index of 63.75 on the Bunt Rovira (BR) medium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that isolated strain N14 matches substantially with type strain Dietzia maris DSM 43672 T. In its ZnO broth assay, a significant amount of soluble Zn was detected along with a simultaneous decrease in pH of the broth. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the release of organic acids, specifically, lactic acid and acetic acid by D. maris strain N14 which could be the reason for the decrease in broth pH. The production of indole acetic acid (29.91 µg/ml), gibberellic acid (4.72 µg/ml), ammonia (38.87 µg/ml), siderophore (0.89%), along with the release of HCN and appearance of phosphate solubilization zone (14.4 mm) with this strain suggested its possible plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics. Therefore, this strain was employed in the formulation of pellets which were applied for in vivo PGP studies using tomato plants. The developed bioformulated pellets showed a significant enhancement in plant growth as compared to control and vermicompost treated plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the Zn solubilizing and PGP characteristics of D. maris.