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1.
Chem Rec ; 24(3): e202300331, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38063812

RESUMO

Herein, we provide eco-friendly and safely operated electrocatalytic methods for the selective oxidation directly or with water, air, light, metal catalyst or other mediators serving as the only oxygen supply. Heavy metals, stoichiometric chemical oxidants, or harsh conditions were drawbacks of earlier oxidative cleavage techniques. It has recently come to light that a crucial stage in the deconstruction of plastic waste and the utilization of biomass is the selective activation of inert C(sp3 )-C/H(sp3 ) bonds, which continues to be a significant obstacle in the chemical upcycling of resistant polyolefin waste. An appealing alternative to chemical oxidations using oxygen and catalysts is direct or indirect electrochemical conversion. An essential transition in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries is the electrochemical oxidation of C-H/C-C bonds. In this review, we discuss cutting-edge approaches to chemically recycle commercial plastics and feasible C-C/C-H bonds oxygenation routes for industrial scale-up.

2.
Chem Rec ; 23(10): e202300119, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37255348

RESUMO

C-H bond functionalization generates molecular complexity in single-step transformation. However, the activation of C-H bonds requires expensive metals or stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species. In many cases, they often require pre-functionalization of starting molecules. Such pre-activating measures cause waste generation and their separation from the final product is also troublesome. In such a scenario, reactions activating elements generating from renewable energy resources such as electricity and light would be more efficient, green, and cost-effective. Further, incorporation of growing flow technology in chemical transformation processes will accelerate the safer accesses of valuable products. Arenes & heteroarenes are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, natural products, medicinal compounds, and other biologically important molecules. Herein, we discussed enabling tools and technologies used for the recent C-H bonds functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes.

3.
ACS Omega ; 8(7): 6175-6217, 2023 Feb 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36844606

RESUMO

Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.

4.
J Pak Med Assoc ; 69(4): 564-566, 2019 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31000863

RESUMO

During breastfeeding, lactating mothers adopt different positions that can cause musculoskeletal problems. The purpose of this study was to determine common breastfeeding positions and musculoskeletal problems in our population and the association between them. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted on 400 breast feeding mothers from hospitals, universities and community of Rawalpindi and Islamabad using a self structured questionnaire. It was found that 283(70.8%) reported cross cradle hold (opposite arm) breastfeeding position, while 86(21.5%) reported breastfeeding in side lying position. Also 31(7.9%) were those mothers who adopted other different BF positions. Mechanical neck pain was seen in 147(36.8%) women and mechanical low back pain was seen in 88(22.0%) women. When chi square test was applied to find out association between breastfeeding position and musculoskeletal problems p value was 0.989 that there was no significant difference between them.


Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/métodos , Dor Lombar/epidemiologia , Mães , Dor Musculoesquelética/epidemiologia , Cervicalgia/epidemiologia , Postura , Adulto , Dor nas Costas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Dor de Ombro/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
5.
Mol Cell Neurosci ; 88: 16-32, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29187321

RESUMO

Zellweger syndrome (ZS), a neonatal lethal disorder arising from defective peroxisome biogenesis, features profound neuroanatomical abnormalities and brain dysfunction. Here we used mice with brain-restricted inactivation of the peroxisome biogenesis gene PEX13 to model the pathophysiological features of ZS, and determine the impact of peroxisome dysfunction on neurogenesis and cell maturation in ZS. In the embryonic and postnatal PEX13 mutant brain, we demonstrate key regions with altered brain anatomy, including enlarged lateral ventricles and aberrant cortical, hippocampal and hypothalamic organization. To characterize the underlying mechanisms, we show a significant reduction in proliferation, migration, differentiation, and maturation of neural progenitors in embryonic E12.5 through to P3 animals. An increasing reactive gliosis in the PEX13 mutant brain started at E14.5 in association with the pathology. Together with impaired neurogenesis and associated gliosis, our data demonstrate increased cell death contributing to the hallmark brain anatomy of ZS. We provide unique data where impaired neurogenesis and migration are shown as critical events underlying the neuropathology and altered brain function of mice with peroxisome deficiency.


Assuntos
Gliose/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/deficiência , Mutação/genética , Neurogênese/genética , Síndrome de Zellweger/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Peroxissomos/genética
6.
Neuroscience ; 334: 201-213, 2016 Oct 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27514574

RESUMO

Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a peroxisome biogenesis disorder that involves significant neuropathology, the molecular basis of which is still poorly understood. Using a mouse model of ZS with brain-restricted deficiency of the peroxisome biogenesis protein PEX13, we demonstrated an expanded and morphologically modified brain mitochondrial population. Cultured fibroblasts from PEX13-deficient mouse embryo displayed similar changes, as well as increased levels of mitochondrial superoxide and membrane depolarization; this phenotype was rescued by antioxidant treatment. Significant oxidative damage to neurons in brain was indicated by products of lipid and DNA oxidation. Similar overall changes were observed for glial cells. In toto, these findings suggest that mitochondrial oxidative stress and aberrant mitochondrial dynamics are associated with the neuropathology arising from PEX13 deficiency.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Síndrome de Zellweger/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Encéfalo/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Imunofluorescência , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/deficiência , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Neuroglia/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Triptofano Hidroxilase/metabolismo , Síndrome de Zellweger/patologia
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