RESUMO
AIMS: To discuss the practical aspects of conducting research in a primary care setting, from the perspectives of the practitioner and the research team. METHODS: Various issues are discussed, including the relevance of research questions being generated in this setting, the advantages to both parties and the processes involved in conducting a study in specialist practice. This paper describes two recent studies (a randomized clinical trial and a qualitative study) conducted within specialist practice, to illustrate some of the potential difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: The success of conducting a study in primary care is determined by a variety of factors, including an interested specialist practitioner, motivated staff in a well-organized practice and the close support of an academic-based research team.
Assuntos
Pesquisa em Odontologia , Ortodontia Corretiva , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Comunicação , Confidencialidade , Recursos Humanos em Odontologia/educação , Ética Odontológica , Odontologia Geral , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Relações Interprofissionais , Ortodontia Corretiva/ética , Seleção de Pacientes , Projetos Piloto , Editoração , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Projetos de Pesquisa , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have decreased macular capillary blood flow in vivo. DESIGN: Case control study. METHODS: Macular leukocyte velocity and perceived leukocyte density were determined in 41 HIV-infected individuals without cytomegalovirus retinitis and 31 HIV-negative control subjects using the blue field simulation technique (BFS-2000, Oculix, Inc., Jenkintown, PA). Velocity and density measurements for HIV-infected individuals were compared to current and lowest previous CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, HIV RNA blood levels, and blood leukocyte counts. RESULTS: Mean macular leukocyte velocity was lower in HIV-infected individuals than in controls (P = 0.0006). No correlations were identified between velocity measurements and the following factors in HIV-infected individuals: current or lowest previous CD4+ T-lymphocyte count; or HIV RNA blood level. Mean perceived leukocyte density in HIV-infected individuals was lower than in controls (P = 0.003), but was not correlated with blood leukocyte count in HIV-infected individuals. No relationships were identified between macular leukocyte velocity and duration of medication use or duration of elevated CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced macular leukocyte velocity may have important implications for understanding the retinal microvasculopathy of HIV disease, the pathogenesis of opportunistic retinal infections, and visual dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals who do not have opportunistic retinal infections. We found no evidence that macular leukocyte velocity increased with immune reconstitution.
Assuntos
Infecções Oculares Virais/fisiopatologia , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Leucócitos/fisiologia , Doenças Retinianas/fisiopatologia , Vasos Retinianos/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Capilares , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecções Oculares Virais/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , RNA Viral/sangue , Doenças Retinianas/tratamento farmacológico , Vasos Retinianos/efeitos dos fármacos , Visão IntraocularRESUMO
Growing concern at the increase in eczema sufferers, has led the National Eczema Society to collaborate with nurses and skincare specialists to produce information and support for sufferers and carers alike, which will enable them to manage their condition better.
Assuntos
Eczema/enfermagem , Eczema/terapia , Folhetos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Humanos , Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos , Higiene da Pele , Reino UnidoAssuntos
Eczema/terapia , Homeopatia , Fitoterapia , Enfermagem em Saúde Comunitária , Enfermagem Holística , HumanosRESUMO
New nursing job titles mean little to the general public. Nurses with the same title may vary in knowledge, experience and grade. Introducing a framework for registration of a higher level of practice is raising a number of issues and concerns.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Descrição de Cargo , Licenciamento em Enfermagem , Enfermeiros Clínicos/organização & administração , Opinião Pública , Humanos , Enfermeiros Clínicos/educação , Terminologia como Assunto , Reino UnidoRESUMO
As part of the third UKEMS collaborative trial, the induction of mutations in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells was analysed by an agar cloning method. The method used was based on the published methods of Clive and co-workers and Amacher and co-workers. Mutations at the thymidine kinase (tk) locus were analysed following exposure to ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS) in the absence of S9 mix, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in the presence of S9 mix and benzidine (BZD) in the absence and presence of S9 mix. Mutations were induced under all these conditions and no difference was found between a 48-h and 72-h expression period. Small and large colonies on trifluorothymidine (TFT) selective plates were expanded and found to be stably resistant to TFT. The effects of varying the S9 level and the composition of the cofactor mix on the mutagenicity of BZD and B[a]P were also analysed. The ability of BZD to induce mutations at the hprt locus was investigated. No mutations were detected either in the presence or absence of S9 mix.
