Prevalencia parasitaria intestinal en escolares de localidades rurales, urbanas y suburbanas del municipio de Hermosillo, Sonora, México / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in schoolchildren from rural, urban and suburban areas in the municipality of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico

Introducción: El aumento de las infecciones parasitarias intestinales en el mundo, refuerzan su amenaza a la salud pública en México, particularmente entre las poblaciones infantil y marginada, con reportes de altas prevalencias en la mayoría de las regiones del país. Sin embargo, la información sobre el estado actual de este problema en localidades según su nivel de urbanización es aún muy limitada.Objetivo: Determinar y compararla prevalencia de infecciones parasitarias intestinales entre escolares rurales, suburbanos y urbanos del municipio de Hermosillo, Sonora. Metodología: El universo muestral de este estudio fue de 16 049 escolares inscritos oficialmente en 10 primarias seleccionadas aleatoriamente de un total de 295 primarias públicas. La muestra que aceptó participar voluntariamente fue de 1 344 escolares (8%). Este fue un estudio de corte transversal, en el cual se colectaron de dos a tres muestras de heces fecales por participante, en el periodo de 2010 a 2015, y las cuales fueron procesadas a través de los métodos de Faust, Kato Katz, Kinyoun, y ELISA. Resultados: Participaron un total de 1 344 escolares, con edades entre 5 a 12 años. De ellos, 52.3% eran niñas y 47.6% niños. Se observó una mayor prevalencia de los protozoarios patógenos Cryptosporidium sp. (30%) y Giardia duodenalis (18.8%). Como protozoarios no patógenos, se encontró a Endolimax nana (20.8%) con la mayor prevalencia, mientras que Iodamoeba butschlii (4.2%) presentó la menor prevalencia. Hymenolepis nana (2.4%), fue el único helminto encontrado. Los escolares de las localidades rurales (46.1%) y suburbanas (44.6%) fueron los que mostraron mayor prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales que aquellos de las localidades urbanas (28%) (P <0.05).Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de parasitosis en escolares de las tres localidades del municipio de Hermosillo, mientras que aquellos de las localidades rurales y suburbanas presentaron mayores prevalencias que los escolares de áreas urbanas

Introduction: The increase of intestinal parasitic infections in the world, reinforces their threat to public health in Mexico, particularly among children and marginalized populations, with reports of high prevalence in most regions of the country. However, information on the current status of this problem in localities according to their level of urbanization is still very limited.Objective: To determine and compare the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among rural, suburban, and urban schoolchildren in the municipality of Hermosillo, Sonora. Methodology: The sample universe of this study was 16 049 schoolchildren officially enrolled in 10 elementary schools randomly selected from a total of 295 public elementary schools. The sample that agreed to participate voluntarily was 1, 344 schoolchildren (8%). This was a cross-sectional study, where two to three stool samples were collected per participant, during the period from 2010 to 2015, and were processed by the Faust, Kato Katz, Kinyoun, and ELISA methods. Results: A total of 1,344 schoolchildren between the ages of 5 and 12 years participated. Of these, 52.3% were girls and 47.6% boys. A high prevalence of pathogenic protozoa, Cryptosporidium sp. (30%), and Giardia duodenalis (18.8%), was observed. Like non-pathogenic protozoa, Endolimax nana (20.8%) had the highest prevalence, while Iodamoeba butschlii (4.2%) had the lowest prevalence. Hymenolepis nana (2.4%) was the only helminth found

Immune Response of Multiparous Hyper-Immunized Sows against Peptides from Non-Structural and Structural Proteins of PRRSV.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the humoral and cellular responses of commercial multiparous and hyper-immunized sows against peptides from non-structural (nsp) and structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). We selected sows with different numbers of parities from a commercial farm. Management practices on this farm include the use of the MLV commercial vaccine four times per year, plus two vaccinations during the acclimation period. The humoral response was evaluated via the antibody recognition of peptides from nsp and structural proteins, and the cellular response was assessed by measuring the frequency of peptide and PRRSV-specific IFN-gamma-secreting cells (IFNγ-SC). Our results show that sows with six parities have more antibodies against peptides from structural proteins than against peptides from nsp. The analysis of the cellular response revealed that the number of immunizations did not affect the frequency of IFNγ-SC and that the response was stronger against peptides from structural proteins (M protein) than against nsp (nsp2). In summary, these results demonstrate that multiparous, hyper-immunized sows have a stronger immune humoral response to PRRSV structural peptides than nsp, but no differences in IFNγ-SC against the same peptides were observed.

Immunological features of the non-structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is currently one of the most important viruses affecting the swine industry worldwide. Despite the large number of papers published each year, the participation of non-structural proteins (nsps) in the immune response is not completely clear. nsps have been involved in the host innate immune response, specifically, nsp1α/ß, nsp2, nsp4 and nsp11 have been associated with the immunomodulation capability of the virus. To date, only participation by nsp1, nsp2, nsp4 and nsp7 in the humoral immune response has been reported, with the role of other nsps being overlooked. Furthermore, nsp1, nsp2, nsp5, nsp7 nsp9, nsp10, nsp11 have been implicated in the induction of IFN-γ and probably in the development of the cell-mediated immune response. This review discusses recent reports involving the participation of nsps in the modulation of the innate immune response and their role in the induction of both the humoral and cellular immune responses.