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1.
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv ; 95(5): 914-919, 2020 04 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31410958

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the impact of network latency on telestenting performance. BACKGROUND: The feasibility of long-distance robotic telestenting was recently demonstrated, yet the impact of network performance on telestenting remains unknown. METHODS: Ex vivo and in vivo telestenting models were constructed by connecting a robotic drive over a wired network to a robotic control system up to 103 miles away. During consecutive attempts to robotically wire a coronary artery, investigators randomly added signal latencies from 0 to 1,000 ms. Outcomes included wiring success, wiring time (time to advance wire to preselected target landmark), and perceived latency score (5 = imperceptible; 4 = noticeable but minor; 3 = noticeable; 2 = noticeable and major; 1 = unacceptable). RESULTS: Wiring success was achieved in 95 of 95 attempts in the ex vivo model and in 57 of 57 attempts in vivo. No significant difference in wiring time was observed across added latencies from 0 to 1,000 ms in the ex vivo (p = .64) or in vivo (p = .40) models. Compared to an added latency of 0 ms, perceived latency scores were not significantly different for added latencies of 150 and 250 ms (p = NS for both), but were significantly lower for latencies ≥400 ms (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Added latencies up to 250 ms were not associated with perceived latency, but latencies ≥400 ms were perceptible. Based on these findings, future telestenting studies should utilize networks with latencies ≤250 ms if perceived latency is to be avoided.


Assuntos
Redes de Comunicação de Computadores , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/instrumentação , Consulta Remota/instrumentação , Robótica/instrumentação , Stents , Terapia Assistida por Computador/instrumentação , Animais , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Manequins , Modelos Animais , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Sus scrofa , Fatores de Tempo
3.
BMC Genomics ; 18(1): 652, 2017 Aug 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28830350

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Equine influenza is a major health problem of equines worldwide. The polymerase genes of influenza virus have key roles in virus replication, transcription, transmission between hosts and pathogenesis. Hence, the comprehensive genetic and codon usage bias of polymerase genes of equine influenza virus (EIV) were analyzed to elucidate the genetic and evolutionary relationships in a novel perspective. RESULTS: The group - specific consensus amino acid substitutions were identified in all polymerase genes of EIVs that led to divergence of EIVs into various clades. The consistent amino acid changes were also detected in the Florida clade 2 EIVs circulating in Europe and Asia since 2007. To study the codon usage patterns, a total of 281,324 codons of polymerase genes of EIV H3N8 isolates from 1963 to 2015 were systemically analyzed. The polymerase genes of EIVs exhibit a weak codon usage bias. The ENc-GC3s and Neutrality plots indicated that natural selection is the major influencing factor of codon usage bias, and that the impact of mutation pressure is comparatively minor. The methods for estimating host imposed translation pressure suggested that the polymerase acidic (PA) gene seems to be under less translational pressure compared to polymerase basic 1 (PB1) and polymerase basic 2 (PB2) genes. The multivariate statistical analysis of polymerase genes divided EIVs into four evolutionary diverged clusters - Pre-divergent, Eurasian, Florida sub-lineage 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Various lineage specific amino acid substitutions observed in all polymerase genes of EIVs and especially, clade 2 EIVs underwent major variations which led to the emergence of a phylogenetically distinct group of EIVs originating from Richmond/1/07. The codon usage bias was low in all the polymerase genes of EIVs that was influenced by the multiple factors such as the nucleotide compositions, mutation pressure, aromaticity and hydropathicity. However, natural selection was the major influencing factor in defining the codon usage patterns and evolution of polymerase genes of EIVs.


Assuntos
Códon/genética , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/genética , Evolução Molecular , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Filogenia , Seleção Genética
4.
Vet Rec ; 181(5): 113-114, 2017 Jul 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28754735

RESUMO

During the summer months, there will be increased movement and, therefore, increased mixing of the horse population, leading to a higher risk of disease transmission and subsequent clinical cases. It is important that both vets and owners remain vigilant for equine influenza infection. Here, Adam Rash, of the Animal Health Trust, discusses the diagnosis of this disease.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Animais , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/veterinária , Cavalos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
5.
Pathogens ; 6(1)2017 Feb 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28208721

RESUMO

Equine influenza viruses (EIV) are a major cause of acute respiratory disease in horses worldwide and occasionally also affect vaccinated animals. Like other influenza A viruses, they undergo antigenic drift, highlighting the importance of both surveillance and virus characterisation in order for vaccine strains to be kept up to date. The aim of the work reported here was to monitor the genetic and antigenic changes occurring in EIV circulating in the UK from 2013 to 2015 and to identify any evidence of vaccine breakdown in the field. Virus isolation, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing were performed on EIV-positive nasopharyngeal swab samples submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratory Services at the Animal Health Trust (AHT). Phylogenetic analyses were completed for the haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) and neuraminidase (NA) genes using PhyML and amino acid sequences compared against the current World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended Florida clade 2 vaccine strain. Substitutions between the new isolates and the vaccine strain were mapped onto the three-dimensional structure protein structures using PyMol. Antigenic analyses were carried out by haemagglutination inhibition assay using a panel of post-infection ferret antisera. Sixty-nine outbreaks of equine influenza in the UK were reported by the AHT between January 2013 and December 2015. Forty-seven viruses were successfully isolated in eggs from 41 of the outbreaks. Only three cases of vaccine breakdown were identified and in each case the vaccine used contained a virus antigen not currently recommended for equine influenza vaccines. Nucleotide sequencing of the HA and NA genes revealed that all of the viruses belonged to the Florida clade 2 sub-lineage of H3N8 EIV. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed that the two sub-populations, previously identified within clade 2, continued to circulate and had accrued further amino acid substitutions. Antigenic characterisation using post-infection ferret antisera in haemagglutination inhibition assays however, failed to detect any marked antigenic differences between the isolates. These findings show that Florida clade 2 EIV continue to circulate in the UK and support the current OIE recommendation to include an example of Florida clade 2 in vaccines.

6.
Virol J ; 13: 45, 2016 Mar 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26993620

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: An extensive outbreak of equine influenza occurred across multiple countries in South America during 2012. The epidemic was first reported in Chile then spread to Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, where both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were affected. In Brazil, infections were widespread within 3months of the first reported cases. Affected horses included animals vaccinated with outdated vaccine antigens, but also with the OIE-recommended Florida clade 1 strain South Africa/4/03. METHODS: Equine influenza virus strains from infected horses were isolated in eggs, then a representative strain was subjected to full genome sequencing using segment-specific primers with M13 tags. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences were completed using PhyML. Amino acid sequences of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase were compared against those of vaccine strains and recent isolates from America and Uruguay, substitutions were mapped onto 3D protein structures using PyMol. Antigenic analyses were completed by haemagglutination-inhibition assay using post-infection ferret sera. RESULTS: Nucleotide sequences of the haemaglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of Brazilian isolate A/equine/Rio Grande do Sul/2012 were very similar to those of viruses belonging to Florida clade 1 and clustered with contemporary isolates from the USA. Comparison of their amino acid sequences against the OIE-recommended Florida clade 1 vaccine strain A/equine/South Africa/4/03 revealed five amino acid substitutions in HA and seven in NA. Changes in HA included one within antigenic site A and one within the 220-loop of the sialic acid receptor binding site. However, antigenic analysis by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay with ferret antisera raised against representatives of European, Kentucky and Florida sublineages failed to indicate any obvious differences in antigenicity. CONCLUSIONS: An extensive outbreak of equine influenza in South America during 2012 was caused by a virus belonging to Florida clade 1, closely related to strains circulating in the USA in 2011. Despite reports of vaccine breakdown with products containing the recommended strain South Africa/03, no evidence was found of significant antigenic drift. Other factors may have contributed to the rapid spread of this virus, including poor control of horse movement.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/classificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Geografia Médica , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/química , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , História do Século XXI , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Cavalos/história , Doenças dos Cavalos/prevenção & controle , Cavalos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas contra Influenza , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Neuraminidase/química , Neuraminidase/genética , Filogenia , Conformação Proteica , RNA Viral , Alinhamento de Sequência , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Vacinação , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/genética
7.
Virology ; 481: 187-98, 2015 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25797606

RESUMO

Equine influenza is a major cause of respiratory infections in horses and causes widespread epidemics, despite the availability of commercial vaccines. Antigenic drift within the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is thought to play a part in vaccination breakdown. Here, we carried out a detailed investigation of the 1989 UK outbreak, using reverse genetics and site-directed mutagenesis, to determine the individual contribution of amino acid substitutions within HA. Mutations at positions 159, 189 and 227 all altered antigenicity, as measured by haemagglutination-inhibition assays. We also compared HA sequences for epidemic and vaccine strains from four epidemics and found that at least 8 amino acid differences were present, affecting multiple antigenic sites. Substitutions within antigenic site B and at least one other were associated with each outbreak, we also identified changes in loop regions close to antigenic sites that have not previously been highlighted for human H3 influenza viruses.


Assuntos
Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/química , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Variação Antigênica , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , Vírus da Influenza A/química , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Filogenia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
8.
Virol J ; 11: 159, 2014 Sep 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25183201

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) has caused disease outbreaks in horses across the world since its first isolation in 1963. However, unlike human, swine and avian influenza, there is relatively little sequence data available for this virus. The majority of published sequences are for the segment encoding haemagglutinin (HA), one of the two surface glycoproteins, making it difficult to study the evolution of the other gene segments and determine the level of reassortment occurring between sub-lineages. METHODS: To facilitate the generation of full genome sequences for EIV, we developed a simple, cost-effective and efficient method. M13-tagged primers were used to amplify short, overlapping RT-PCR products, which were then sequenced using Sanger dideoxynucleotide sequencing technology. We also modified a previously published method, developed for human H3N2 and avian H5N1 influenza viruses, which was based on the ligation of viral RNA and subsequent amplification by RT-PCR, to sequence the non-coding termini (NCRs). This necessitated the design of novel primers for an N8 neuraminidase segment. RESULTS: Two field isolates were sequenced successfully, A/equine/Lincolnshire/1/07 and A/equine/Richmond/1/07, representative of the Florida sublineage clades 1 and 2 respectively. A total of 26 PCR products varying in length from 400-600 nucleotides allowed full coverage of the coding sequences of the eight segments, with sufficient overlap to allow sequence assembly with no primer-derived sequences. Sequences were also determined for the non-coding regions and revealed cytosine at nucleotide 4 in the polymerase segments. Analysis of EIV genomes sequenced using these methods revealed a novel polymorphism in the PA-X protein in some isolates. CONCLUSIONS: These methods can be used to determine the genome sequences of EIV, including the NCRs, from both clade 1 and clade 2 of the Florida sublineage. Full genomes were covered efficiently using fewer PCR products than previously reported methods for influenza A viruses, the techniques used are affordable and the equipment required is available in most research laboratories. The adoption of these methods will hopefully allow for an increase in the number of full genomes available for EIV, leading to improved surveillance and a better understanding of EIV evolution.


Assuntos
Genoma Viral , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Polimorfismo Genético , Animais , DNA Complementar , Cavalos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA não Traduzido/genética , RNA Viral
9.
Vet Microbiol ; 169(3-4): 113-27, 2014 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24480583

RESUMO

Equine influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in horses worldwide and undergo antigenic drift. Several outbreaks of equine influenza occurred worldwide during 2010-2012, including in vaccinated animals, highlighting the importance of surveillance and virus characterisation. Virus isolates were characterised from more than 20 outbreaks over a 3-year period, including strains from the UK, Dubai, Germany and the USA. The haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) sequence of all isolates was determined and compared with OIE-recommended vaccine strains. Viruses from Florida clades 1 and 2 showed continued divergence from each other compared with 2009 isolates. The antigenic inter-relationships among viruses were determined using a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay with ferret antisera and visualised using antigenic cartography. All European isolates belonged to Florida clade 2, all those from the USA belonged to Florida clade 1. Two subpopulations of clade 2 viruses were isolated, with either substitution A144V or I179V. Isolates from Dubai, obtained from horses shipped from Uruguay, belonged to Florida clade 1 and were similar to viruses isolated in the USA the previous year. The neuraminidase (NA) sequence of representative strains from 2007 and 2009 to 2012 was also determined and compared with that of earlier isolates dating back to 1963. Multiple changes were observed at the amino acid level and clear distinctions could be made between viruses belonging to Florida clade 1 and clade 2.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Europa (Continente) , Hemaglutininas Virais/genética , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Neuraminidase/química , Neuraminidase/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Filogenia , Vigilância da População , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Alinhamento de Sequência , Emirados Árabes Unidos , Estados Unidos
10.
Influenza Other Respir Viruses ; 7 Suppl 4: 81-9, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24224823

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Many human strains of influenza A virus produce highly pleomorphic virus particles that at the extremes can be approximated as either spheres of around 100 nm diameter or filaments of similar cross-section but elongated to lengths of many microns. The role filamentous virions play in the virus life cycle remains enigmatic. OBJECTIVES/METHODS: Here, we set out to define the morphology and genetics of virus particle shape in equine influenza A virus, using reverse genetics and microscopy of infected cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The majority of H3N8 strains tested were found to produce filamentous virions, as did the prototype H7N7 A/eq/Prague/56 strain. The exception was the prototype H3N8 isolate, A/eq/Miami/63. Reassortment of equine influenza virus M genes from filamentous and non-filamentous strains into the non-filamentous human virus A/PR/8/34 confirmed that segment 7 is a major determinant of particle shape. Sequence analysis identified three M1 amino acid polymorphisms plausibly associated with determining virion morphology, and the introduction of these changes into viruses confirmed the importance of two: S85N and N231D. However, while either change alone affected filament production, the greatest effect was seen when the polymorphisms were introduced in conjunction. Thus, influenza A viruses from equine hosts also produce filamentous virions, and the major genetic determinants are set by the M1 protein. However, the precise sequence determinants are different to those previously identified in human or porcine viruses.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N7/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Cavalos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/química , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N7/química , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N7/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N7/isolamento & purificação , Microscopia Confocal , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Genética Reversa , Alinhamento de Sequência , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/química , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/genética
11.
Vet Microbiol ; 147(1-2): 19-27, 2011 Jan 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20580170

RESUMO

Like other influenza A viruses, equine influenza virus undergoes antigenic drift. It is therefore essential that surveillance is carried out to ensure that recommended strains for inclusion in vaccines are kept up to date. Here we report antigenic and genetic characterisation carried out on equine influenza virus strains isolated in North America and Europe over a 2-year period from 2008 to 2009. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from equines showing acute clinical signs and submitted to diagnostic laboratories for testing and virus isolation in eggs. The sequence of the HA1 portion of the viral haemagglutinin was determined for each strain. Where possible, sequence was determined directly from swab material as well as from virus isolated in eggs. In Europe, 20 viruses were isolated from 15 sporadic outbreaks and 5 viruses were isolated from North America. All of the European and North American viruses were characterised as members of the Florida sublineage, with similarity to A/eq/Lincolnshire/1/07 (clade 1) or A/eq/Richmond/1/07 (clade 2). Antigenic characterisation by haemagglutination inhibition assay indicated that the two clades could be readily distinguished and there were also at least seven amino acid differences between them. The selection of vaccine strains for 2010 by the expert surveillance panel have taken these differences into account and it is now recommended that representatives of both Florida clade 1 and clade 2 are included in vaccines.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Antígenos Virais/análise , Europa (Continente) , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/química , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Cavalos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/isolamento & purificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , América do Norte , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Filogenia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos
12.
Vet Res ; 41(2): 19, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19863903

RESUMO

During 2007, large outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) caused by Florida sublineage Clade 1 viruses affected horse populations in Japan and Australia. The likely protection that would be provided by two modern vaccines commercially available in the European Union (an ISCOM-based and a canarypox-based vaccine) at the time of the outbreaks was determined. Vaccinated ponies were challenged with a representative outbreak isolate (A/eq/Sydney/2888-8/07) and levels of protection were compared.A group of ponies infected 18 months previously with a phylogenetically-related isolate from 2003 (A/eq/South Africa/4/03) was also challenged with the 2007 outbreak virus. After experimental infection with A/eq/Sydney/2888-8/07, unvaccinated control ponies all showed clinical signs of infection together with virus shedding. Protection achieved by both vaccination or long-term immunity induced by previous exposure to equine influenza virus (EIV) was characterised by minor signs of disease and reduced virus shedding when compared with unvaccinated control ponies. The three different methods of virus titration in embryonated hens' eggs, EIV NP-ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR were used to monitor EIV shedding and results were compared. Though the majority of previously infected ponies had low antibody levels at the time of challenge, they demonstrated good clinical protection and limited virus shedding. In summary, we demonstrate that vaccination with current EIV vaccines would partially protect against infection with A/eq/Sydney/2888-8/07-like strains and would help to limit the spread of disease in our vaccinated horse population.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Austrália/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/imunologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Cavalos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Eliminação de Partículas Virais
13.
Vet Microbiol ; 138(1-2): 41-52, 2009 Jul 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19346084

RESUMO

Equine influenza virus (EIV) surveillance is important in the management of equine influenza. It provides data on circulating and newly emerging strains for vaccine strain selection. To this end, antigenic characterisation by haemaggluttination inhibition (HI) assay and phylogenetic analysis was carried out on 28 EIV strains isolated in North America and Europe during 2006 and 2007. In the UK, 20 viruses were isolated from 28 nasopharyngeal swabs that tested positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All except two of the UK viruses were characterised as members of the Florida sublineage with similarity to A/eq/Newmarket/5/03 (clade 2). One isolate, A/eq/Cheshire/1/06, was characterised as an American lineage strain similar to viruses isolated up to 10 years earlier. A second isolate, A/eq/Lincolnshire/1/07 was characterised as a member of the Florida sublineage (clade 1) with similarity to A/eq/Wisconsin/03. Furthermore, A/eq/Lincolnshire/1/06 was a member of the Florida sublineage (clade 2) by haemagglutinin (HA) gene sequence, but appeared to be a member of the Eurasian lineage by the non-structural gene (NS) sequence suggesting that reassortment had occurred. A/eq/Switzerland/P112/07 was characterised as a member of the Eurasian lineage, the first time since 2005 that isolation of a virus from this lineage has been reported. Seven viruses from North America were classified as members of the Florida sublineage (clade 1), similar to A/eq/Wisconsin/03. In conclusion, a variety of antigenically distinct EIVs continue to circulate worldwide. Florida sublineage clade 1 viruses appear to predominate in North America, clade 2 viruses in Europe.


Assuntos
Variação Genética , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Galinhas/virologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Eritrócitos/virologia , Europa (Continente) , Genes Virais , Cavalos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/isolamento & purificação , Pneumopatias/veterinária , Pneumopatias/virologia , Nasofaringe/virologia , América do Norte , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Alinhamento de Sequência , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética
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