Motor planning poststroke: impairment in vector-coded reach plans.

Healthy individuals appear to use both vector-coded reach plans that encode movements in terms of their desired direction and extent, and target-coded reach plans that encode the desired endpoint position of the effector. We examined whether these vector and target reach-planning codes are differentially affected after stroke. Participants with stroke and healthy controls made blocks of reaches that were grouped by target location (providing target-specific practice) and by movement vector (providing vector-specific practice). Reach accuracy was impaired in the more affected arm after stroke, but not distinguishable for target- versus vector-grouped reaches. Reach velocity and acceleration were not only impaired in both the less and more affected arms poststroke, but also not distinguishable for target- versus vector-grouped reaches. As previously reported in controls, target-grouped reaches yielded isotropic (circular) error distributions and vector-grouped reaches yielded error distributions elongated in the direction of the reach. In stroke, the pattern of variability was similar. However, the more affected arm showed less elongated error ellipses for vector-grouped reaches compared to the less affected arm, particularly in individuals with right-hemispheric stroke. The results suggest greater impairment to the vector-coded movement-planning system after stroke, and have implications for the development of personalized approaches to poststroke rehabilitation: Motor learning may be enhanced by practice that uses the preserved code or, conversely, by retraining the more impaired code to restore function.

Neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis. 1. Mononeuropathy.

UNLABELLED: This self-directed learning module highlights mononeuropathies. It is part of the chapter on neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article specifically focuses on diagnostic criteria and classifications of mononeuropathies, including carpal tunnel, brachial neuritis, and lumbosacral plexopathy. The timeline status post nerve injury is discussed in relation to findings on electrodiagnostic studies. The differential diagnosis and electrodiagnostic design and interpretation is detailed in the chapter. Treatment options are reviewed. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVE: To summarize the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of mononeuropathies, from an electrodiagnostic perspective.

Neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis. 2. Peripheral neuropathy.

UNLABELLED: This self-directed learning module highlights peripheral neuropathies. It is part of the chapter on neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article specifically focuses on diagnostic criteria and classifications of peripheral neuropathy, including diabetic, alcoholic, carcinomatous, human immunodeficiency virus-associated, and critical illness polyneuropathies. Treatment options are reviewed. The causes for difficult to obtain nerve conduction studies are highlighted. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVE: To summarize the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of peripheral neuropathies.

Neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis. 3. Diseases of muscles and neuromuscular junction.

UNLABELLED: This self-directed learning module highlights formation of a differential diagnosis as well as electrodiagnostic evaluation for those patients who present with the common complaint of weakness. It is part of the chapter on neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article specifically focuses on the common symptoms and typical clinical findings that allow the clinician to narrow the differential diagnosis. This is followed by the diagnostic evaluation, with emphasis on the technical aspects and interpretation of electrodiagnostic studies. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical presentation and electrodiagnostic findings in persons with disorders of muscle or disorders of the neuromuscular junction.

Neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis. 4. Pediatric issues.

UNLABELLED: This self-directed learning module highlights the physician's role in the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders in pediatric populations. It is part of the chapter on neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article discusses both clinical and electrodiagnostic features of common neuromuscular disorders in pediatric populations. The diagnostic value of somatosensory evoked potential is reviewed in a case of traumatic spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality. Therapeutic interventions of progressive muscular dystrophy are discussed, as well as the differential diagnosis of floppy infant syndrome, the most common pediatric electrodiagnostic referral. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVES: (a) To become familiar with electrodiagnosis and rehabilitation for common neuromuscular disorders in the pediatric population, (b) to undrstand electrodiagnostic findings of Guillain-Barre syndrome corresponding to pathophysiology, (c) to become familiar with somatosensory evoked potentials, and (d) to be able to make differential diagnosis of floppy infant syndrome based on clinical findings as well as electrodiagnosis.

Interventions in chronic pain management. 5. Disease-specific issues in chronic pain.

UNLABELLED: This self-directed learning module highlights the importance of applying principles described earlier in the Study Guide to specific diseases encountered by practitioners managing chronic pain in order to administer appropriate treatment. This chapter focuses on several challenging and increasingly common maladies and attempts to delineate rationales for holistic, comprehensive care. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVE: To explore diagnostic concepts and therapeutic strategies in fibromyalgia syndrome, central pain, multiple sclerosis, complex regional pain syndrome, and postherpetic neuralgia.

Psychosomatic concepts in chronic pain.

UNLABELLED: This self-directed learning module highlights the obstacles faced by physicians treating chronic pain, in particular, the occasional lack of correlation between test results and symptoms, and the treatment pitfalls that may occur. A review of psychosomatic pain disorders is presented along with a psychodynamically based diagnostic and management approach. Popular mind-body treatments for chronic pain are presented with pertinent references. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVES: (a) To review the diagnostic and therapeutic limitations of conventional chronic pain management, (b) to explore a psychodynamically based psychosomatic chronic pain diagnostic and therapeutic construct, and (c) to examine several additional mind-body chronic pain treatments.