Relationship between substance use and self-reported injuries among adolescents.

High school students (n = 1983), 14-18 years olds, were surveyed regarding the incidence of injury and substance use at the time of the injury in the prior 6 months. Alcohol or other drugs were reported particularly often for falls, cuts, and gun and assault injuries. Alcohol or other drugs were reported to be involved in a substantial proportion of injuries resulting in medical care, most notably for gunshots (70%), pedestrian injuries (42%) and physical fights (38%).

Evaluation of a standard protocol for retentive encopresis: a replication.

Replicated the efficacy of a short-term, combined medical and behavioral intervention protocol for retentive encopresis. Fifty-nine children who had failed standard medical management for retentive encopresis and their parents participated in six 1-hour group treatment sessions. Treatment protocol combined the medical management strategies of enema clean out, increasing dietary fiber, and daily toilet sitting with the child behavior management strategies of differential attention, contingency management, and contracting. For the overall sample, the number of soiling incidents decreased 85%, the weekly frequency of independent bowel movements increased 15%, the weekly frequency of parent-prompted bowel movements increased 9%, and daily dietary fiber intake increased 121% pre- to posttreatment. The majority of the sample (86%) stopped soiling by the end of treatment and did not require further treatment. Results are discussed in terms of the comparability with previous findings and the utility of combined medical and psychological treatments for children with encopresis who have failed standard medical approaches.

Cross generation lead ingestion: behavioral and physiological effects in mice.

We examined some developmental and behavioral sequelae of exposing Binghamton Heterogeneous Stock (HET) mice to a 0.5% aqueous lead acetate solution (as the only available fluid source) for either none, one, two, or three generations. Lead exposure, regardless of generation, resulted in decreased body weight and a delay in age of first eye opening relative to controls, but did not delay home nest return latencies. Drinking the lead solution, across two and three successive generations, resulted in a marked and apparently cumulative decrease in pup viability, as well as an increase in dam fatality rates. However, no such cumulative or residual effects were observed on the behavioral activity of those mice who managed to survive. Perhaps a selection effect for lead-tolerant mice occurred in the present study; such an effect could account for the apparent lack of cumulative and residual behavioral effects.