The identification and treatment of alcohol problems in primary care (iTAPP) study: protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomized control trial testing the 15-method in a primary care setting.

BACKGROUND: The 15-method is a targeted screening and treatment approach for alcohol problems in primary care. The 15-method used in primary care has proven as effective as specialized treatment for mild to moderate alcohol dependence in Sweden. A feasibility study of the 15-method in Danish primary care found the method acceptable and feasible. AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of the 15-method in a Danish primary care setting in (1) lowering the proportion of patients exceeding the Danish low-risk alcohol consumption limit of ten standard units per week and a maximum of four standard units on a single day for men and women, and (2) increasing the likelihood of alcohol use being addressed during a consultation in general practice. Further, the rate of prescribed pharmacological treatment for alcohol problems (Disulfiram, Naltrexone, Acamprosate, and Nalmefene) will be measured along with the use of the biomarkers Alanine Transaminase and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase. METHODS: Stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial in sixteen general practices in the Region of Southern Denmark. Following a three-month baseline, the practices are randomly assigned to launch dates in one of four clusters. General practitioners and nurses receive three hours of training in the 15-method before launch. Patient questionnaires will collect data on alcohol consumption levels among patients affiliated with the practices. The healthcare professionals will register consultations in which alcohol is addressed in their patient filing system. Pharmacological treatment rates and the use of biomarkers will be collected through Danish national registries. The study follows the Medical Research Council's guidelines for developing and evaluating complex interventions. DISCUSSION: From the patient's perspective, the 15-method may help identify alcohol-related problems at an earlier stage with flexible treatment offers in a familiar setting. For healthcare professionals, it addresses a traditionally challenging topic by equipping them with concrete tools, communication training, and clear treatment directives. From a societal perspective, primary care holds a unique position to identify hazardous and harmful alcohol use across different age groups, with potential public health and economic benefits through early identification and intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05916027. Retrospectively registered 22 June 2023.

Revisiting the symptom iceberg based on the Danish symptom cohort - Symptom experiences and healthcare-seeking behaviour in the general Danish population in 2022.

Introduction: Healthcare-seeking behaviour may change over time, and some groups are more likely to avoid relevant help seeking, which possibly contributes to social inequity in health. Thus, we developed an expansion of and follow-up to the Danish Symptom Cohort (DaSC) from 2012 and formed the DaSC II, which encompassed a population-based questionnaire study investigating symptoms and healthcare-seeking behaviour. In this paper, we describe the conceptual framework, development and content validity of the questionnaire and a responder analysis of the participants in the DaSC II. We present the symptom iceberg in the Danish general population by estimating the prevalence of symptoms and proportion of contacts to general practitioners (GPs) in 2022. Moreover, we discuss differences in healthcare-seeking behaviour with reference to the 2012 DaSC. Methods: 100,000 randomly selected Danish citizens aged ≥20 years, along with the 44,713 respondents from the 2012 cohort, were invited to participate in a survey. The questionnaire was pilot and field tested prior to distribution. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate symptom prevalence and proportion of GP contacts, and to execute the respondent analysis. Results: Nine out of ten respondents reported at least one symptom within the preceding four weeks and reported an average of 4.6 symptoms. One in four symptoms were presented to a GP. The highest proportion of GP contacts was found for haematuria (63.3 %) and shortness of breath (51.8 %). For several symptoms, differences between the sexes were found in relation to both prevalence and GP contacts. The proportion of GP contacts was higher in 2022 than in 2012 and was most pronounced for general, frequently experienced symptoms and to a lesser extent for cancer alarm symptoms. Conclusion: Many symptoms go unreported, which may delay relevant diagnosis; more research on certain symptom categories and population subgroups is needed. Future studies based on the DaSC II form a basis for interventions targeting symptom awareness, healthcare-seeking behaviour and social equity in society and health.

Healthcare needs in elderly patients with chronic heart failure in view of a personalized blended collaborative care intervention: a cross sectional study.

Introduction: Few studies explored healthcare needs of elderly heart failure (HF) patients with comorbidities in view of a personalized intervention conducted by Care Managers (CM) in the framework of Blended Collaborative Care (BCC). The aims of the present study were to: (1) identify perceived healthcare needs/preferences in elderly patients with HF prior to a CM intervention; (2) investigate possible associations between healthcare needs/preferences, sociodemographic variables (age; sex) and number of comorbidities. Method: Patients aged 65 years or more affected by HF with at least 2 medical comorbidities were enrolled in the study. They were assessed by structured interviewing with colored cue cards that represented six main topics including education, individual tailoring of treatment, monitoring, support, coordination, and communication, related to healthcare needs and preferences. Results: Thirty-three patients (Italy = 21, Denmark = 7, Germany = 5; mean age = 75.2 ± 7.7 years; males 63.6%) were enrolled from June 2021 to February 2022. Major identified needs included: HF information (education), patients' involvement in treatment-related management (individual tailoring of treatment), regular checks of HF symptoms (monitoring), general practitioner update by a CM about progression of symptoms and health behaviors (coordination), and telephone contacts with the CM (communication). Regarding communication modalities with a CM, males preferred phone calls (χ2 = 6.291, p = 0.043) and mobile messaging services (χ2 = 9.647, p = 0.008), whereas females preferred in-person meetings and a patient dashboard. No differences in needs and preferences according to age and number of comorbidities were found. Discussion: The findings highlight specific healthcare needs and preferences in older HF multimorbid patients, allowing a more personalized intervention delivered by CM in the framework of BCC.

Exploring diagnostic events and first referrals in cancer patient pathways in primary care. A questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: Cancer diagnostic pathways in general practice are often nonlinear, and several events can delay timely diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: To explore cancer diagnostic processes in general practice, examining how patients' symptom presentations, sex, and age are associated with the occurrence of predefined potentially delaying events and the first referrals. METHOD: General practices in 3 Danish Regions were invited to participate in a questionnaire survey, addressing patient's symptom presentation, diagnostic process events, and first referral. The general practitioners (GPs) received a list of their incident cancer patients from the preceding 2 years. RESULTS: In total 187 general practices participated, including 5,908 patients with the cancer diagnostic pathways initiated in general practice. Presenting with nonspecific symptoms was associated with potentially delaying events, even when the patient also had specific symptoms. Almost half of the patients were referred to a cancer patient pathway (CPP) first, men more often than women, and 10% were referred for acute hospitalization. In 23% of the diagnostic processes, GPs initially treated or referred patients on suspicion of another disease rather than cancer and waited due to normal examinations in 1 out of 20 patients. Excluding sex-specific cancers, these 2 events were more prevalent in women. Men less often complied to the follow-up agreement. Younger patients were less often first referred to a CPP and together with older patients more often first acutely hospitalized. CONCLUSION: In cancer diagnostic processes in general practice, first referrals and the occurrence of potentially delaying events are associated with the patient's age, sex, and specificity of symptoms.

Needs of multimorbid heart failure patients and their carers: a qualitative interview study and the creation of personas as a basis for a blended collaborative care intervention.

Introduction: Involving patients and carers in the development of blended collaborative care (BCC) interventions for multimorbid heart failure (HF) patients is recommended but rarely practised, and research on the patient perspective is scarce. The aim of this study is to investigate patients' and carers' care-related needs and preferences to better customize a novel international BCC intervention. Methods: A qualitative study design using framework analysis was employed. The study was performed in accordance with the EQUATOR standards for reporting qualitative research (SRQR). Patients aged at least 65 years with HF and at least two other physical diseases as well as their carers completed semistructured interviews in Germany, Italy, and Denmark. Based on these interviews, personas (prototype profiles of patients and carers) were created. Results: Data from interviews with 25 patients and 17 carers were analysed. Initially, seven country-specific personas were identified, which were iteratively narrowed down to a final set of 3 personas: (a) the one who needs and wants support, (b) the one who has accepted their situation with HF and reaches out when necessary, and (c) the one who feels neglected by the health care system. Carers identifying with the last persona showed high levels of psychological stress and a high need for support. Discussion: This is the first international qualitative study on patients' and carers' needs regarding a BCC intervention using the creation of personas. Across three European countries, data from interviews were used to develop three contrasting personas. Instead of providing "one size fits all" interventions, the results indicate that BCC interventions should offer different approaches based on the needs of individual patients and carers. The personas will serve as a basis for the development of a novel BCC intervention as part of the EU project ESCAPE (Evaluation of a patient-centred biopSychosocial blended collaborative CAre Pathway for the treatment of multimorbid Elderly patients).

Exploring GPs' assessments of their patients' cancer diagnostic processes: a questionnaire study.

BACKGROUND: Most cancer diagnostic pathways start from primary care and several factors affect the diagnostic processes. AIM: To analyse the associations between patient characteristics, symptom presentation, and cancer type and the GP's assessment of the diagnostic processes. DESIGN AND SETTING: General practices in the North, Central, and Southern regions of Denmark were invited to participate in a questionnaire survey. METHOD: Participating GPs received a list of patients with incident cases of cancer in the period between 1 March 2019 and 28 February 2021 based on administrative hospital data. A questionnaire was completed for each patient, addressing symptom presentation and the GP's assessment of the diagnostic process both overall and in four subcategories (the patient's role, the GP's role, the transition between primary and secondary care, and the secondary sector's role). RESULTS: A total of 187 general practices informed on 8240 patients. For 5868 patients, diagnostic pathways started in general practice. Almost half (48.3%, 2837/5868) presented with specific cancer symptoms. GPs assessed 55.6% (3263) and 32.3% (1897) of the diagnostic processes as 'very good' and 'predominantly good', respectively; 11.9% (700) were 'predominantly poor' or 'very poor' for these 5868 patients. Long symptom duration of ≥2 months prior to GP contact and presenting with non-specific or a combination of non-specific and specific symptoms were associated with a poor overall assessment of the diagnostic process. Assessment in the four subcategories showed that the patient's role was assessed less positively than the other three categories. CONCLUSION: A longer symptom duration and presenting without cancer-specific symptoms were associated with GPs assessing the diagnostic process as poor.

Integrated care for older multimorbid heart failure patients: protocol for the ESCAPE randomized trial and cohort study.

ESCAPE: Evaluation of a patient-centred biopsychosocial blended collaborative care pathway for the treatment of multimorbid elderly patients. THERAPEUTIC AREA: Healthcare interventions for the management of older patients with multiple morbidities. AIMS: Multi-morbidity treatment is an increasing challenge for healthcare systems in ageing societies. This comprehensive cohort study with embedded randomized controlled trial tests an integrated biopsychosocial care model for multimorbid elderly patients. HYPOTHESIS: A holistic, patient-centred pro-active 9-month intervention based on the blended collaborative care (BCC) approach and enhanced by information and communication technologies can improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and disease outcomes as compared with usual care at 9 months. METHODS: Across six European countries, ESCAPE is recruiting patients with heart failure, mental distress/disorder plus ≥2 medical co-morbidities into an observational cohort study. Within the cohort study, 300 patients will be included in a randomized controlled assessor-blinded two-arm parallel group interventional clinical trial (RCT). In the intervention, trained care managers (CMs) regularly support patients and informal carers in managing their multiple health problems. Supervised by a clinical specialist team, CMs remotely support patients in implementing the treatment plan-customized to the patients' individual needs and preferences-into their daily lives and liaise with patients' healthcare providers. An eHealth platform with an integrated patient registry guides the intervention and helps to empower patients and informal carers. HRQoL measured with the EQ-5D-5L as primary endpoint, and secondary outcomes, that is, medical and patient-reported outcomes, healthcare costs, cost-effectiveness, and informal carer burden, will be assessed at 9 and ≥18 months. CONCLUSIONS: If proven effective, the ESCAPE BCC intervention can be implemented in routine care for older patients with multiple morbidities across the participating countries and beyond.

Coping strategies among individuals with multiple physical symptoms: A general population-based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Coping has been suggested as a perpetuating factor for physical symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the use of the coping strategies approach, resignation, and diversion in individuals with multiple physical symptoms according to the construct of Bodily Distress Syndrome (BDS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was part of the nationwide web-based survey Danish Symptom Cohort (DaSC). In total, 100,000 individuals were invited to participate, and individuals eligible for the present study were respondents aged 20-64 years without a current or recent pregnancy. Multiple physical symptoms were identified using the BDS checklist, and coping was assessed by the Brief Approach/Avoidance Coping Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and multinomial and logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 35,810 respondents were included in the study, of which 8512 (23.8%) fulfilled the criteria for having multiple physical symptoms. This group of respondents had lower coping scores on approach and higher coping scores on resignation and diversion compared with the non-BDS group. The regression analyses showed that high scores on approach were associated with a lower probability of having multiple symptoms (adjusted OR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.91-0.92), whereas high scores on diversion and resignation were associated with a higher probability of having multiple symptoms (adjusted OR 1.10; 95% CI: 1.09-1.11 and adjusted OR 1.19; 95% CI: 1.18-1.20, respectively). CONCLUSION: The study supports the hypothesis that experiencing multiple physical symptoms is associated with certain coping strategies. This is relevant knowledge for health care professionals who will be treating this patient group.

Developing and Validating a Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Model: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Lung cancer can be challenging to diagnose in the early stages, where treatment options are optimal. We aimed to develop 1-year prediction models for the individual risk of incident lung cancer for all individuals aged 40 or above living in Denmark on 1 January 2017. The study was conducted using population-based registers on health and sociodemographics from 2007-2016. We applied backward selection on all variables by logistic regression to develop a risk model for lung cancer and applied the models to the validation cohort, calculated receiver-operating characteristic curves, and estimated the corresponding areas under the curve (AUC). In the populations without and with previously confirmed cancer, 4274/2,826,249 (0.15%) and 482/172,513 (0.3%) individuals received a lung cancer diagnosis in 2017, respectively. For both populations, older age was a relevant predictor, and the most complex models, containing variables related to diagnoses, medication, general practitioner, and specialist contacts, as well as baseline sociodemographic characteristics, had the highest AUC. These models achieved a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.0127 (0.006) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.989 (0.997) with a 1% cut-off in the population without (with) previous cancer. This corresponds to 1.2% of the screened population experiencing a positive prediction, of which 1.3% would be incident with lung cancer. We have developed and tested a prediction model with a reasonable potential to support clinicians and healthcare planners in identifying patients at risk of lung cancer.

Associations between smoking status and involvement of personal and professional relations among individuals reporting symptoms related to a diagnosis of lung cancer: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, but individuals who currently smoke seek healthcare less frequently. This study of individuals reporting symptoms related to diagnosis of lung cancer has the following aims: 1) to explore the involvement of personal and professional relations; 2) to analyse whether age, sex and smoking status are associated with involving personal and professional relations; and 3) to analyse whether involving a personal relation is associated with healthcare-seeking. METHODS: Data was extracted from a Danish population-based survey from 2012 with 100,000 randomly selected invitees 20 years or older. We describe the involvement of personal and professional relations among individuals experiencing four predefined symptoms indicative of lung cancer: prolonged coughing, prolonged hoarseness, shortness of breath and haemoptysis, either alone or in combination. Using multivariate logistic regression, we analyse the associations between involving personal or professional relations and various covariates (sex, age, smoking status). Moreover, we analyse the association between involving a personal relation and healthcare-seeking. RESULTS: A total of 35,958 individuals over 40 years old completed the questionnaire. Of these, 5,869 individuals reported at least one lung cancer symptom. A higher percentage of participants with prolonged hoarseness and prolonged coughing reported no involvement of personal and professional relations (27.6% and 22.7%, respectively) compared to shortness of breath (12.4%). The most involved personal and professional relations were the spouse (46.2-62.5%) and the general practitioner (GP) (31.3-54.5%), respectively. Women and individuals in the oldest age group had higher odds of involving personal and professional relations. Individuals who currently smoke involved all relations less frequently than individuals who formerly,- and never smoked. Odds of contacting the GP or another doctor were three to seven-fold higher when a personal relation was also involved. CONCLUSION: Women and the oldest age group had higher odds of involving relations, whereas individuals who currently smoked tended to be less likely to contact any personal or professional relations. Involving a personal relation was associated with higher odds of healthcare-seeking. The findings could be useful for GPs in terms of identifying patients at risk of postponing relevant healthcare-seeking with potential lung cancer symptoms.

A population-based study on social inequality and barriers to healthcare-seeking with lung cancer symptoms.

Healthcare-seeking with lung cancer symptoms is a prerequisite for improving timely diagnosis of lung cancer. In this study we aimed to explore barriers towards contacting the general practitioner (GP) with lung cancer symptoms, and to analyse the impact of social inequality. The study is based on a nationwide survey with 69,060 individuals aged ≥40 years, randomly selected from the Danish population. The survey included information on lung cancer symptoms, GP contacts, barriers to healthcare-seeking and smoking status. Information about socioeconomics was obtained by linkage to Danish Registers. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression model were used to analyse the data. "Being too busy" and "Being worried about wasting the doctor's time" were the most frequent barriers to healthcare-seeking with lung cancer symptoms. Individuals out of workforce and individuals who smoked more often reported "Being worried about what the doctor might find" and "Being too embarrassed" about the symptoms. The social inequality in barriers to healthcare-seeking with lung cancer symptoms is noticeable, which emphasises the necessity of focus on vulnerable groups at risk of postponing relevant healthcare-seeking.

Can National Registries Contribute to Predict the Risk of Cancer? The Cancer Risk Assessment Model (CRAM).

PURPOSE: To develop a predictive model based on Danish administrative registers to facilitate automated identification of individuals at risk of any type of cancer. METHODS: A nationwide register-based cohort study covering all individuals in Denmark aged +20 years. The outcome was all-type cancer during 2017 excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer. Diagnoses, medication, and contact with general practitioners in the exposure period (2007-2016) were considered for the predictive model. We applied backward selection to all variables by logistic regression to develop a risk model for cancer. We applied the models to the validation cohort, calculated the receiver operating characteristic curves, and estimated the corresponding areas under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: The study population consisted of 4.2 million persons; 32,447 (0.76%) were diagnosed with cancer in 2017. We identified 39 predictive risk factors in women and 42 in men, with age above 30 as the strongest predictor for cancer. Testing the model for cancer risk showed modest accuracy, with an AUC of 0.82 (95% CI 0.81-0.82) for men and 0.75 (95% CI 0.74-0.75) for women. CONCLUSION: We have developed and tested a model for identifying the individual risk of cancer through the use of administrative data. The models need to be further investigated before being applied to clinical practice.

Involvement of personal and professional relations when experiencing colorectal cancer symptoms - a cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: As part of improving early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), knowledge about involvement of personal and professional relations, when experiencing CRC symptoms, is important. This study aimed to analyse involvement of personal and professional relations and whether age, sex, number of symptoms and available social network are associated with involving family, non-family and professional relations amongst individuals experiencing CRC symptoms. METHODS: Some, 100 000 Danes over 20 years were randomly selected and invited to a cross sectional survey comprising questions about involvement of relations regarding four predefined CRC symptoms (abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and change in stool texture and frequency). RESULTS: In total, 35 801 respondents over 40 years answered all relevant items and 9346 (26.1%) had experienced at least one CRC symptom in the preceding 4 weeks. Abdominal pain was more often than stool-related symptoms discussed with relations. Respondents with >1 symptom had higher odds of reporting general practitioner (GP) contact compared to respondents with single symptoms. Age ≥60 years was associated with higher odds of GP contact and involving family relations. Spouse/partner was the most frequently involved relation. Involving a personal relation increased the odds of GP contact. Having an available social network decreased GP contact for some symptoms. CONCLUSION: Odds of involving professional relations, e.g. the GP, were higher amongst individuals experiencing multiple CRC symptoms and those involving personal relations. Having an available social network was associated with lower odds of GP contact, suggesting that individuals with no available social network are more prone to use their GP.

[Social inequality in health].

Social inequality is a significant challenge in the Danish healthcare system, and in general practice the inequality has many faces. To give more to those who need most is a difficult task, and research shows the diversity of the challenges experienced in the primary healthcare sector. However, as argued in this review, through innovative research we may be able to find new directions in how to provide patient centered healthcare, and in taking on this task general practice is centrally positioned as the place at which most patients are seen on a regular basis.

Is concern for gynaecological alarm symptoms associated with healthcare-seeking? A Danish population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosing cancer at an early stage increases survival, and for most gynaecological cancers the diagnostic pathway is initiated, when women seek medical attention with symptoms. As many factors influence healthcare-seeking, knowledge about these factors is important. Concern can act as a barrier or a trigger for women experiencing gynaecological alarm symptoms. This study aimed to examine whether concern for the symptom or the current health was associated with healthcare-seeking among women with gynaecological alarm symptoms. METHODS: Some 100,000 randomly selected Danish citizens were invited to a national web-based survey. The questionnaire included items regarding symptom experiences, healthcare-seeking and concern for the experienced symptoms and current health. This study included 5019 women with self-reported gynaecological alarm symptoms (pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, bleeding during intercourse and postmenopausal bleeding). Concern was reported on a 5-point Likert scale from 'not at all' to 'extremely'. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Women who were 'extremely' concerned about a gynaecological alarm symptom had two to six times higher odds of reporting healthcare-seeking compared to women who were 'not at all' concerned. Symptom concern was associated with higher odds of healthcare-seeking for all four gynaecological alarm symptoms and the odds increased with increasing levels of concern. Additionally, concern for current health was associated with higher odds of healthcare-seeking. Concern for current health as expressed by others was positively associated with healthcare-seeking but had only minor influence on the association between concern for current health and healthcare-seeking. CONCLUSIONS: Concern for a gynaecological alarm symptom and for current health was positively associated with healthcare-seeking. The results can be used for future informational health campaigns targeting individuals at risk of postponing warranted healthcare-seeking.

Women's barriers for contacting general practice when experiencing gynecological cancer symptoms: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: A prerequisite for general practitioners (GPs) being able to refer patients with gynecological cancer alarm symptoms for further investigations is that individuals present the symptoms to the GP. Not all symptoms are presented to the GP, and knowledge of barriers for healthcare-seeking is sparse. The aim of this study was to analyze associations between age, socioeconomic status, and common barriers ("being too embarrassed", "being too busy", "worried about wasting the doctors time" and "worried what the GP might find") towards GP contact with gynecological alarm symptoms. METHODS: Nationwide population-based study in Denmark based on a random sample of 51 090 women aged 20 years or older. A web-based questionnaire regarding experience of four predefined alarm symptoms of gynecological cancer, decisions about contact to GPs, and barriers towards GP contact was distributed. Information about socioeconomic status was collected from Statistics Denmark. RESULTS: A total of 26 466 women (54.5%) completed the questionnaire. The proportion of women with no contact to the GP varied between 64.6% and 78.1% for postmenopausal bleeding and pain during intercourse, respectively. Between 32.3% (bleeding during intercourse) and 45.3% (postmenopausal bleeding) of the women reported no barriers for GP contact. The proportions of reported barriers ranged from 7.5% for being too embarrassed (pelvic pain) to 26.8% for being too busy (bleeding during intercourse). Women aged 40-59 years had lower odds of reporting "being too embarrassed" and "worried about wasting the GP´s time", while women aged 60 + years of age had lower odds of reporting "being too busy" compared to the youngest age group. Women in the highest income groups had lower odds of reporting "being too embarrassed" and "wasting the GP´s time" compared to those with a low income, while those with high educational level had lower odds of reporting "being too embarrassed" and "worried what the GP might find" compared to those with low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the respondents with no contact to the GP, reported one or more barriers towards GP contact. Lower age and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with higher odds of reporting barriers. As this may explain the differences in healthcare seeking behavior, healthcare planners, policy makers and clinicians should be aware of these findings.

Women's barriers for contacting their general practitioner when bothered by urinary incontinence: a population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a frequently occurring condition among women and increases with age. Effective treatments exist but many women hesitate to contact their general practitioner (GP) regarding UI. Therefore, it is important to generate knowledge regarding barriers for healthcare-seeking. Several factors such as age, duration and number of symptoms are associated with healthcare-seeking. How socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with experiencing barriers for healthcare-seeking for UI has not been explored. The objectives of this study were to: (1) analyze frequencies of barriers for healthcare-seeking, and (2) investigate associations between SES and barriers for contacting the GP, among women reporting bothersome UI. METHOD: A cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study of symptoms occurrence among 51,090 randomly selected women. This study investigates reported symptoms of three types of UI (stress UI, urge UI and UI without stress or urge) and reported barriers for GP contact combined with register data on SES. RESULTS: A total of 4,051 (16.4%) women reported to be bothered by either stress UI (9.1%), urge UI (4.0%) or incontinence without stress or urge (2.4%) and 76.3%, 70%, and 64% respectively, had not contacted their GP regarding the symptom(s). The most frequently reported barriers were 'being too embarrassed' (19.3%) and 'being too busy' (18.4%) for stress incontinence, and 'being too embarrassed (19.0%) or 'worried about wasting the doctor's time' (16.9%) for women with bothersome urge UI or UI without stress or urge. Younger women had higher odds of reporting barriers and the barriers embarrassment and being worried about what the doctor might find were significantly associated with lower educational level. CONCLUSION: Women with lower educational level have an increased risk of not seeking healthcare for UI symptoms. The GP should be aware of identifying women bothered by UI for whom effective treatment options to alleviate the symptoms are available.

When does proton pump inhibitor treatment become long term? A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use has risen substantially, primarily driven by ongoing use over months to years. However, there is no consensus on how to define long-term PPI use. Our objectives were to review and compare definitions of long-term PPI use in existing literature and describe the rationale for each definition. Moreover, we aimed to suggest generally applicable definitions for research and clinical use. DESIGN: The databases PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched for publications concerning long-term use of PPIs and ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for registered studies. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts in two series and subsequently extracted data. RESULTS: A total of 742 studies were identified, and 59 met the eligibility criteria. In addition, two ongoing studies were identified. The definition of long-term PPI use varied from >2 weeks to >7 years. The most common definition was ≥1 year or ≥6 months. A total of 12/61 (20%) of the studies rationalised their definition. CONCLUSION: The definitions of long-term PPI treatment varied substantially between studies and were seldom rationalised.In a clinical context, use of PPI for more than 8 weeks could be a reasonable definition of long-term use in patients with reflux symptoms and more than 4 weeks in patients with dyspepsia or peptic ulcer. For research purposes, 6 months could be a possible definition in pharmacoepidemiological studies, whereas studies of adverse effects may require a tailored definition depending on the necessary exposure time. We recommend to always rationalise the choice of definition.

Socioeconomic status and barriers for contacting the general practitioner when bothered by erectile dysfunction: a population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common and impacts psychosocial wellbeing negatively. Many do not seek medical attention and several barriers for healthcare seeking with ED exist. Little is known about the association between socioeconomic characteristics of the patient and barriers for healthcare-seeking for men bothered by ED. The objectives of the study were 1) to estimate the proportion of men bothered by ED, who do not contact the GP, 2) to analyse the frequencies of selected barriers for healthcare seeking and 3) to analyse associations between socioeconomic factors and barriers for contacting the GP. METHODS: Data derive from a nationwide survey of symptom experiences among 100,000 randomly selected individuals aged 20 years and above. The questionnaire comprises, among other, questions about ED. This study focuses on men who reported bothersome ED and further reported, that they did not contact a GP regarding the symptom. Questions addressing barriers regarding GP contact included embarrassment, worrying about wasting the doctor's time, being too busy, and worrying about what the doctor might find. Information about socioeconomic characteristics was obtained from Statistics Denmark. RESULTS: A total of 4072 men (18.3%) reported that they had experienced ED within the past four weeks. Of those, 2888 (70.9%) were categorized as having bothersome ED. In the group of men with bothersome ED 1802 (62.4%) did not contact the GP and 60.5% reported barriers for GP-contact. Of the reported barriers, the most frequent was 'being too embarrassed' (29.7%). In general, respondents in the older age groups were less likely to report embarrassment, business and worrying what the doctor might find. Respondents with highest attained educational level were less likely to report embarrassment and worrying. CONCLUSION: Nearly two third of the respondents with bothersome ED had not contacted their GP. More than half of those reported barriers towards GP contact with embarrassment as the most frequent barrier. In general, respondents in the older age groups and with high educational level were less likely to report barriers.

Involvement of personal and professional relations among men bothered by lower urinary tract symptoms: a population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common among men worldwide and despite frequently of benign origin, the symptoms often influence quality of life. Most men experiencing LUTS manage their symptoms in private settings without consulting their general practitioner (GP). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify who in the personal and professional relations Danish men discussed their bothersome LUTS with, to analyse factors associated with discussing LUTS with personal and professional relations, and to analyse how having a social network influenced healthcare seeking. METHODS: A nationwide population-based, cross-sectional survey representative of the Danish population. A total of 46,647 randomly selected men aged 20+ were invited to participate. Data were collected in 2012. The main outcome measures were odds ratios between involvement of personal and professional relations, GP contact and different characteristics (age, number of symptoms, available social network, and involvement of personal relations) among men experiencing bothersome LUTS. We used multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Overall, 22,297 men completed the questionnaire. Of those, 4885 (21.9%) had experienced at least one LUTS, 23.5% had not discussed their symptoms with either personal nor professional relations and 59.1% had not discussed their LUTS with any professional relation. The symptoms were most often discussed with personal relations, primarily the spouse/partner who was involved in more than half of the cases. Odds of consulting the GP, another doctor and other healthcare professionals were two to four-fold higher when the symptoms were discussed with a personal relation. Having an available social network was significantly associated with lower odds of consulting the GP regarding frequent urination. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high prevalence of bothersome LUTS more than one-fifth of men did not discuss their symptoms with either personal nor professional relations, and more than half did not discuss the symptoms with any professional relations. Discussing the symptoms with personal relations was generally associated with higher odds of seeking professional help, and for frequent urination, having an available social network was associated with lower odds of consulting the GP. The results may be useful for detecting and treating men bothered by LUTS.