Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence.

Antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a major management problem for clinicians. It has been shown that weight gain and obesity lead to increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, reduced quality of life and poor drug compliance. This narrative review discusses the propensity of various antipsychotics to cause weight gain, the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions available to counteract this effect and its impact on adherence. Most antipsychotics cause weight gain. The risk appears to be highest with olanzapine and clozapine. Weight increases rapidly in the initial period after starting antipsychotics. Patients continue to gain weight in the long term. Children appear to be particularly vulnerable to antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Tailoring antipsychotics according to the needs of the individual and close monitoring of weight and other metabolic parameters are the best preventive strategies at the outset. Switching to an agent with lesser tendency to cause weight gain is an option, but carries the risk of relapse of the illness. Nonpharmacologic interventions of dietary counseling, exercise programs and cognitive and behavioral strategies appear to be equally effective in individual and group therapy formats. Both nonpharmacologic prevention and intervention strategies have shown modest effects on weight. Multiple compounds have been investigated as add-on medications to cause weight loss. Metformin has the best evidence in this respect. Burden of side effects needs to be considered when prescribing weight loss medications. There is no strong evidence to recommend routine prescription of add-on medication for weight reduction. Heterogeneity of study methodologies and other confounders such as lifestyle, genetic and illness factors make interpretation of data difficult.

Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Most antipsychotics are associated with weight gain and other metabolic complications. Several randomized trials have shown metformin to be effective, but this still hasn't been included in clinical guidelines on managing antipsychotic induced weight gain. METHODS: All double blind placebo controlled trials assessing the efficacy of metformin in the treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain were included. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and MEDLINE were searched for the period January 2000-December 2015. Meta-analysis was carried out using the random effects model. RESULTS: Meta analysis of 12 published studies with a total of 743 patients found that in patients treated with antipsychotics, metformin treatment resulted in significantly better anthropometric and metabolic parameters than placebo. The mean change in weight was -3.27 kg (95 % CI -4.66 to -1.89) (Z = 4.64, p < 0.001). Metformin compared to placebo resulted in significant reduction in BMI [-1.13 kg/m2 (95 % CI -1.61 to -0.66)] and insulin resistance index [-1.49 (95 % CI -2.40 to -0.59)] but not fasting blood sugar [-2.48 mg/dl (95 % CI -5.54 to 0.57]. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis confirms that metformin is effective in treating antipsychotic induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Validation of the Sinhala version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

INTRODUCTION: Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used standardized instrument to assess sleep quality in clinical and research settings. Objective of the study was to translate the PSQI into Sinhala language and validate using a combined qualitative and quantitative approach. METHODS: Every fifth patient aged 18-60 years who attended the out-patients department of a tertiary care hospital was recruited. PSQI was translated into Sinhala using a combined qualitative and quantitative approach. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the scores in patients who were identified as having depressive disorder according to the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and those without depressive disorder. RESULTS: Forty-six participants with depression were compared with 159 non depressed controls. Mean PSQI component scores were significantly higher in depressed patients in 5 components. Factor analysis identified a single component explaining 53.53% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha of 0.85 indicated a high internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: The Sinhala translation of the PSQI is a valid and reliable tool to assess sleep quality.