Adult and infantile seborrheic dermatitis: update on current state of evidence and potential research frontiers.

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a highly prevalent dermatological condition globally. The condition demonstrates bimodal presentation with what is commonly thought to be two subtypes: adult/adolescent seborrheic dermatitis (ASD) and infantile seborrheic dermatitis (ISD). Despite the common prevalence of ASD and ISD, there remains uncertainty around the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, risk factors, and appropriate classification of the disease(s). This narrative review summarizes the current understanding of the epidemiology, presentation, and pathogenetic factors like epidermal barrier dysfunction, lipid abnormalities, and cutaneous microbiome for ASD and ISD. Elements such as immune responsiveness, neuroendocrine factors, and genetics in these disease states are also investigated. Throughout our review, we highlight shared features and discrepancies between ASD and ISD that are present in the literature and discuss potential avenues for future research that explore these disease states. We aim to contribute to the medical discourse on ASD and ISD and increase awareness of the need for additional research around these conditions, ultimately informing better targeting of therapeutics moving forward.

Management of Acne in Pregnancy.

Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions to affect women of childbearing age, so it is important to consider the safety of long-term acne treatments on women who could become pregnant. In this review article, we clarify what management options are available to treat acne during pregnancy. Topical treatments, typically first-line for acne, such as azelaic acid, clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, dapsone, and retinoids, were reviewed. Systemic treatments, such as zinc supplements, cephalexin, cefadroxil, amoxicillin, azithromycin, erythromycin, and corticosteroids, typically second-line for acne, were also reviewed. Alternative treatments such as light therapy and cosmetic procedures were also evaluated. Due to recommendation of sunscreen utilization during acne treatments, sunscreen usage during pregnancy was also assessed. Management of acne during unplanned pregnancy was discussed in further detail regarding safety and adverse effects. Through summarized tables and examples of studies demonstrating safety and efficacy of treatments, the following is a resource for providers and patients to utilize for management of acne during pregnancy.

Scleroderma after COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination.

Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by fibrotic hardening and tightening of the skin. Scleroderma develops as a drug-induced and paraneoplastic phenomenon; however, scleroderma associated with COVID-19 has been rarely discussed. We present an updated review of scleroderma after the COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Literature searches were conducted on MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2019 to January 2023. In all, 13 studies were selected based on the subject relevance, with screening of references contained in the selected papers. As of January 2023, we had four patients with scleroderma after the COVID-19 infection (Mage = 54.50 years; Rage = 47-61 years; man-woman ratio = 1:3) and 10 patients with scleroderma after the COVID-19 vaccination (Mage = 62.8 years; Rage = 45-73 years; man-woman ratio = 1:9). Moderna's Spikevax accounted for two patients, Pfizer-BioNTech's Tozinameran accounted for seven patients, and Oxford-Astra Zeneca's Vaxzevria accounted for one patient. Hypotheses for the pathogenesis of scleroderma after the COVID-19 infection and vaccination included molecular mimicry, cytokine activation, and endothelial injury. Although the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccines still outweigh the risks, we advise clinicians to monitor for this rare potential complication.