Apparent toxicity resulting from the sequestering of nutrient trace metals during standard Selenastrum capricornutum toxicity tests.

The water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of aqueous mixtures of three lubricant additives showed significant apparent toxicity to the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, and experiments were conducted to investigate the hypothesis that toxicity resulted from the removal of one or more essential nutrients from the test medium by the lubricant additives. Algal growth effects were noted at ashless dispersant A concentrations as low as 0.5 x mg l(-1) and growth was completely inhibited at 100 mg x l(-1). Algal cells transferred from the 100 mg x l(-1) WAF of ashless dispersant A to fresh medium at the end of a standard 96-h toxicity test resumed growing at a rate similar to growth in undosed algal medium, indicating that the effect was algistatic rather than algicidal. Fortifying the iron (Fe) and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentrations of the WAF with 200% of the concentrations used in the formulation of algal medium after 24 h of exposure caused a resumption of algal growth at a rate comparable to the control growth, and a resulting EL50 value above 100 mg x l(-1). Similar effects were observed when the two other lubricant additives were tested at WAF concentrations that completely inhibited algal growth during standard toxicity tests: fortification of a 50 mg x l(-1) WAF of ZnDTP with 1000% of the Fe and EDTA used in the formulation of algal medium caused a resumption of growth at a rate statistically identical to the control growth, and the fortification of a 2800 mg x l(-1) WAF of ashless dispersant B with 700% of the entire complement of nutrients used in the formulation of algal medium caused a resumption of growth at a rate comparable to the control. The indirect toxic effect of these lubricant additives to algae results from the sequestration of one or more nutrient metals essential for algal growth. Standard algal toxicity tests with these lubricant additives may, therefore, have little environmental relevance because the complex chemistry of natural waters differs greatly from the nutrient limited algal medium, and the sequestration effect observed in these static tests could be absent under real world conditions.

Toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether to marine organisms: ambient water quality criteria calculation.

In response to increasing concerns over the detection of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in groundwater and surface water and its potential effects in aquatic ecosystems, industry and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began to collaborate in 1997 to develop aquatic toxicity databases sufficient to derive ambient water quality criteria for MTBE consistent with USEPA requirements. Acute toxicity data for seven marine species, chronic toxicity data for an invertebrate, and plant toxicity data were developed to complete the saltwater database. The species tested were Cyprinodon variegatus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Callinectes sapidus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Palaemonetes pugio, Rhepoxynius abronius, Americamysis bahia, and Skeletonema costatum. The toxicity tests were conducted in accordance with USEPA and American Society for Testing and Materials testing procedures and Good Laboratory Practice guidelines. Data developed from this study were consistent with existing data and showed that MTBE has low acute and chronic toxicity to the marine species tested. Based upon measured MTBE concentrations, acute effects were found to range from 166 mg MTBE/l for the grass shrimp to 1950 mg MTBE/l for marine mussel. The no-observed effect concentration for the reproduction and growth of mysids was 26 mg MTBE/l during the life cycle test. The toxicity of MTBE to saltwater organisms is comparable to its toxicity to the freshwater species tested. Reported MTBE concentrations in coastal waters are several orders of magnitude lower than concentrations observed to cause effects in marine organisms.