Acetaminophen for Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Risk of Mortality and Pulmonary Morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: Emerging data indicate that acetaminophen may adversely affect lung health. We examined whether acetaminophen compared with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor alone for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with mortality or respiratory morbidity in extremely preterm infants. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Infants were born at 22 to 28 weeks' gestation or weighing 401 to 1000 g between 2016 and 2020 and received acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and/or indomethacin for PDA closure. The primary outcome was death or grade 2 to 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Secondary outcomes included predischarge mortality and respiratory morbidities. Risk ratios were adjusted for baseline and early postnatal factors. Additional exploratory analyses were adjusted for later postnatal covariates. RESULTS: Of 1921 infants, 627 (32.6%) received acetaminophen and 1294 (67.3%) received COX inhibitor only. Multidrug therapy (42.9% vs 4.7%) and surgical or catheter PDA closure (26.5% vs 19.9%) were more common among acetaminophen-exposed infants. Death or grade 2 to 3 BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age was similar between infants treated with acetaminophen versus COX inhibitor only (57.1% vs 58.3%; adjusted relative risk [aRR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.06). Acetaminophen was associated with increased risk of predischarge mortality (13.3% vs 10.0%) when adjusting for perinatal and early postnatal factors (aRR 1.42, 95% CI 1.02-1.93), but not in exploratory analyses that included later postnatal factors (aRR 1.28, 95% CI 0.91-1.82). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with acetaminophen versus COX inhibitor alone for PDA was not associated with the composite outcome of death or BPD in extremely preterm infants. Our results support further evaluation of whether acetaminophen for PDA increases mortality.

Abstracts of the Cell Therapy Transplant Canada 2023 Annual Conference.

On behalf of Cell Therapy Transplant Canada (CTTC), we are pleased to present the Abstracts of the CTTC 2023 Annual Conference. The conference was held in-person, 31 May-2 June 2023, in Halifax, Nova Scotia at the Westin Nova Scotian hotel. Poster authors presented their work during a lively and engaging welcome reception on Thursday, 1 June, and oral abstract authors were featured during the oral abstract session in the afternoon of Friday, 2 June 2023. Twenty-three (23) abstracts were selected for presentation as posters and four (4) as oral presentations. Abstracts were submitted within four categories: (1) Basic/Translational Sciences, (2) Clinical Trials/Observations, (3) Laboratory/Quality, and (4) Pharmacy/Nursing/Other Transplant Support. The top four (4) oral abstracts and top four (4) poster abstracts were selected to receive an award. All of these were marked as "Award Recipient" within the relevant category. We congratulate all the presenters on their research and contributions to the field.

Effect of ruthenium(II) complexes on MDA-MB-231 cells and lifespan/tumor growth in gld-1mutant, Daf-16 TF and stress productive genes: A perspective study.

Pincer type coumarin based N-substituted semicarbazone ligands HL1-4 and their corresponding ruthenium(II) complexes (1-4) were synthesized, analyzed and confirmed by various spectro analytical techniques. The molecular structure of the ligand HL3 and complex 3 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The stoichiometry of complexes 1, 2 and 4 was confirmed by high resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS). The binding affinity of the compounds with CT-DNA (Calf Thymus DNA) and BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) was established by absorption and emission titration methods. The results of In vitro cytotoxicity showed the significant cytotoxic potential of the complexes against MDA-MB-231 cells (TNBC- Triple-negative breast cancer). Among the complexes, 1 and 4 have shown appreciable results. Further, antimigratory activity against the MDA-MB-231 cells was studied for the complexes 1 and 4. The percentage cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and necrosis were explored by flow cytometry. The in vivo anti-tumor activity of the complexes 1 and 4 using C. elegans as model organism was established by using the tumoral C. elegans strain JK1466 (gld-1(q485)), which bears a mutation in the gld-1 tumor suppressor gene. We have determined the effect of our complexes on tumor gonad reduction and found to be non toxic to the JK1466 worms and they have prolonged their mean lifespan with potential antioxidant ability by overcoming stress responses. Overall, our study reported herein demonstrated that the complexes 1 and 4 could be established as potential metallo-drugs substantiating further exploration.

Organoruthenium metallocycle induced mutation in gld-1 tumor suppression gene in JK1466 strain and appreciable lifespan expansion.

Four Ru(II) complexes (A2-A5) were synthesized from the reaction of coumarin Schiff base ligands (7da2-tsc, 7da3-mtsc, 7da4-etsc and 7da5-ptsc) with [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3]. The compounds were characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR, mass spectrometry and crystallographic analysis. Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA) binding studies revealed the intercalative mode of binding of the complexes with DNA. The results of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding studies established the interaction between BSA followed static quenching mechanism. The cytotoxic effects of the complexes and the ligands were evaluated against breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and lung carcinoma cell lines (A549 and NCI-H460) using MTT assay. Complex A4 demonstrated potent cytotoxic effects on both breast and lung cancer cells. Furthermore, morphological observations and FACS analysis showed the decrease in cell density by complex A4 by induced morphological changes and apoptotic body formation and cell death in both breast and lung cancer cells. Moreover, the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans was employed to assess the in vivo anticancer activity of compound A4. The findings indicated that the treatment with A4 reduced tumor development and significantly extended organismal lifespan by 64 % in the tumoral strain JK1466 without adversely affecting essential physiological functions of the worm. Additionally, A4 demonstrated an upregulation of two crucial antioxidant defense genes. Overall, these results suggested that the compound A4 can be a potential candidate with novel chemotherapeutic applications.

Timing of Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Occurrence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Observational studies often report that anemia and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are associated with a higher risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) infants. Objective: To evaluate whether there is a temporal association between 72-hour hazard periods of exposure to RBC transfusions and NEC among ELBW infants randomized to either higher or lower hemoglobin transfusion thresholds. Design, Setting, and Participants: This post hoc secondary analysis of 1690 ELBW infants who survived to postnatal day 10 enrolled in the Transfusion of Prematures (TOP) randomized multicenter trial between December 1, 2012, and April 12, 2017, was performed between June 2021 and July 2023. Exposures: First, the distribution of RBC transfusions and the occurrence of NEC up to postnatal day 60 were examined. Second, 72-hour posttransfusion periods were categorized as hazard periods and the pretransfusion periods of variable duration as control periods. Then, the risk of NEC in posttransfusion hazard periods was compared with that in pretransfusion control periods, stratifying the risk based on randomization group (higher or lower hemoglobin transfusion threshold group). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was incidence of NEC stage 2 or 3. Secondary outcomes included the incidence rates of NEC within five 10-day intervals, taking into account the number of days at risk. Results: Of 1824 ELBW infants randomized during the TOP trial, 1690 were included in the present analysis (mean [SD] gestational age, 26.0 [1.5] weeks; 899 infants [53.2%] were female). After categorizing 4947 hazard periods and 5813 control periods, we identified 133 NEC cases. Fifty-nine of these cases (44.4%) occurred during hazard periods. Baseline and clinical characteristics of infants with NEC during hazard periods did not differ from those of infants with NEC during control periods. The risk of NEC was 11.9 per 1000 posttransfusion hazard periods and 12.7 per 1000 control periods (adjusted risk ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.68-1.32; P = .74). This risk did not differ significantly between randomization groups, but the incidence rate of NEC per 1000 days peaked between postnatal days 20 and 29 in the lower hemoglobin transfusion threshold group. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this post hoc analysis suggest that, among ELBW infants with the hemoglobin ranges occurring in the TOP trial, exposure to RBC transfusions was not temporally associated with a higher risk of NEC during 72-hour posttransfusion hazard periods. Given that the incidence rate of NEC peaked between postnatal days 20 and 29 among infants with lower hemoglobin values, a more in-depth examination of this at-risk period using larger data sets is warranted. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01702805.

A high fiber diet or supplementation with Lactococcus lactis subspecies cremoris to pregnant mice confers protection against intestinal injury in adult offspring.

The diet during pregnancy, or antenatal diet, influences the offspring's intestinal health. We previously showed that antenatal butyrate supplementation reduces injury in adult murine offspring with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Potential modulators of butyrate levels in the intestine include a high fiber diet or dietary supplementation with probiotics. To test this, we supplemented the diet of pregnant mice with high fiber, or with the probiotic bacteria Lactococcus lactis subspecies cremoris or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. We then induced chronic colitis with DSS in their adult offspring. We demonstrate that a high fiber antenatal diet, or supplementation with Lactococcus lactis subspecies cremoris during pregnancy diminished the injury from DSS-induced colitis in offspring. These data are evidence that antenatal dietary interventions impact offspring gut health and define the antenatal diet as a therapeutic modality to enhance offspring intestinal health.

Social distancing and extremely preterm births in the initial COVID-19 pandemic period.

HYPOTHESIS: Increased social distancing was associated with a lower incidence of extremely preterm live births (EPLB) during the initial COVID-19 pandemic period. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study at the NICHD Neonatal Research Network sites comparing EPLB (220/7-286/7 weeks) and extremely preterm intrapartum stillbirths (EPIS) rates during the pandemic period (March-July, weeks 9-30 of 2020) with the reference period (same weeks in 2018 and 2019), correlating with state-specific social distancing index (SDI). RESULTS: EPLB and EPIS percentages did not significantly decrease (1.58-1.45%, p = 0.07, and 0.08-0.06%, p = 0.14, respectively). SDI was not significantly correlated with percent change of EPLB (CC = 0.29, 95% CI = -0.12, 0.71) or EPIS (CC = -0.23, 95% CI = -0.65, 0.18). Percent change in mean gestational age was positively correlated with SDI (CC = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.07, 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Increased social distancing was not associated with change in incidence of EPLB but was associated with a higher gestational age of extremely preterm births. GOV ID: Generic Database: NCT00063063.

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Resource Use for Infants at 22 Weeks' Gestation in the US, 2008-2021.

Importance: During the past decade, clinical guidance about the provision of intensive care for infants born at 22 weeks' gestation has changed. The impact of these changes on neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) resource utilization is unknown. Objective: To characterize recent trends in NICU resource utilization for infants born at 22 weeks' gestation compared with other extremely preterm infants (≤28 weeks' gestation) and other NICU-admitted infants. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a serial cross-sectional study of 137 continuously participating NICUs in 29 US states from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2021. Participants included infants admitted to the NICU. Data analysis was performed from October 2022 to August 2023. Exposures: Year and gestational age at birth. Main Outcomes and Measures: Measures of resource utilization included NICU admissions, NICU bed-days, and ventilator-days. Results: Of 825 112 infants admitted from 2008 to 2021, 60 944 were extremely preterm and 872 (466 [53.4%] male; 18 [2.1%] Asian; 318 [36.5%] Black non-Hispanic; 218 [25.0%] Hispanic; 232 [26.6%] White non-Hispanic; 86 [9.8%] other or unknown) were born at 22 weeks' gestation. NICU admissions at 22 weeks' gestation increased by 388%, from 5.7 per 1000 extremely preterm admissions in 2008 to 2009 to 27.8 per 1000 extremely preterm admissions in 2020 to 2021. The number of NICU admissions remained stable before the publication of updated clinical guidance in 2014 to 2016 and substantially increased thereafter. During the study period, bed-days for infants born at 22 weeks increased by 732%, from 2.5 per 1000 to 20.8 per 1000 extremely preterm NICU bed-days; ventilator-days increased by 946%, from 5.0 per 1000 to 52.3 per 1000 extremely preterm ventilator-days. The proportion of NICUs admitting infants born at 22 weeks increased from 22.6% to 45.3%. Increases in NICU resource utilization during the period were also observed for infants born at less than 22 and at 23 weeks but not for other gestational ages. In 2020 to 2021, infants born at less than or equal to 23 weeks' gestation comprised 1 in 117 NICU admissions, 1 in 34 of all NICU bed-days, and 1 in 6 of all ventilator-days. Conclusions and Relevance: In this serial cross-sectional study of 137 US NICUs from 2008 to 2021, an increasing share of resources in US NICUs was allocated to infants born at 22 weeks' gestation, corresponding with changes in national clinical guidance.

A phase III randomized-controlled study of safety and immunogenicity of DTwP-HepB-IPV-Hib vaccine (HEXASIIL®) in infants.

A fully liquid hexavalent containing Diphtheria (D), Tetanus (T) toxoids, whole cell Pertussis (wP), Hepatitis B (Hep B), type 1, 2, 3 of inactivated poliovirus (IPV) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine (DTwP-HepB-IPV-Hib vaccine, HEXASIIL®) was tested for lot-to-lot consistency and non-inferiority against licensed DTwP-HepB-Hib + IPV in an open label, randomized Phase II/III study. In Phase III part, healthy infants received DTwP-HepB-IPV-Hib or DTwP-HepB-Hib + IPV vaccines at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected prior to the first dose and 28 days, post dose 3. Non inferiority versus DTwP-HepB-Hib + IPV was demonstrated with 95% CIs for the treatment difference for seroprotection/seroconversion rates. For DTwP-HepB-IPV-Hib lots, limits of 95% CI for post-vaccination geometric mean concentration ratios were within equivalence limits (0.5 and 2). Vaccine was well-tolerated and no safety concerns observed.Clinical Trial Registration - CTRI/2019/11/022052.

Platelet Transfusion and Death or Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Children Born Extremely Preterm.

Importance: Infants born extremely preterm receive transfusions at higher platelet count thresholds than older children and adults due to concerns for intracranial hemorrhage. A recent randomized trial comparing 2 platelet transfusion thresholds showed the higher threshold was associated with increased risk of long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the association of platelet transfusion exposure with death and severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 2 years' corrected age in a cohort of infants born extremely preterm. Design, Setting, and Participants: An observational cohort study and secondary analysis of the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial, a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of erythropoietin neuroprotection in neonates born extremely preterm, was conducted in 30 neonatal intensive care units in the US from December 1, 2013, to September 31, 2016. This analysis included 819 infants born extremely preterm at 24 to 27 completed weeks of gestation who had a documented outcome (death or neurodevelopmental assessment). Analysis was performed in April 2023. Exposures: Any platelet transfusion during neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary composite outcome was death or severe NDI evaluated at 2 years' corrected age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition (BSID-III) and the Gross Motor Function Classification System and was defined as the presence of severe cerebral palsy or a BSID-III composite motor or cognitive score 2 SDs below the mean. Confounding by indication for platelet transfusion was addressed with covariate adjustment and propensity score methods. Results: Of the 819 infants included in the analysis (429 [52.4%] male; mean [SD] gestational age, 25.5 [1.1] weeks), 245 (30.0%) received at least 1 platelet transfusion during their initial hospitalization. The primary outcome occurred in 46.5% (114 of 245) of infants exposed to a platelet transfusion and 13.9% (80 of 574) of nonexposed infants with a corresponding odds ratio of 2.43 (95% CI, 1.24-4.76), adjusted for propensity score, gestational age at birth, and trial treatment group. The individual components of death and severe NDI were directionally consistent with the overall composite outcome. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this study suggest that platelet transfusion in infants born extremely preterm may be associated with an increased risk of death or severe NDI at 2 years' corrected age, although the possibility of residual confounding by indication cannot be excluded.

Transforming neonatal care with artificial intelligence: challenges, ethical consideration, and opportunities.

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers tremendous potential to transform neonatology through improved diagnostics, personalized treatments, and earlier prevention of complications. However, there are many challenges to address before AI is ready for clinical practice. This review defines key AI concepts and discusses ethical considerations and implicit biases associated with AI. Next we will review literature examples of AI already being explored in neonatology research and we will suggest future potentials for AI work. Examples discussed in this article include predicting outcomes such as sepsis, optimizing oxygen therapy, and image analysis to detect brain injury and retinopathy of prematurity. Realizing AI's potential necessitates collaboration between diverse stakeholders across the entire process of incorporating AI tools in the NICU to address testability, usability, bias, and transparency. With multi-center and multi-disciplinary collaboration, AI holds tremendous potential to transform the future of neonatology.

Improved Gait symmetry with spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injury.

A previous study by our group showed preliminary results showcasing the usage of optimal and individualized spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation (scTS) parameters during overground gait training to facilitate more repeatable gait kinematics profiles for one participant with an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). The goal of this study was to use the combined targeted scTS and training to improve spatial and temporal parameters to achieve a symmetrical gait profile after completing activity-based training (ABT) (stepping and stand training) and exoskeleton training with and without scTS. Our data indicates that stimulation with optimal and individualized parameters can lead to more effective, stable and symmetric gait patterns in participants with varied levels of SCI.Clinical Relevance- This analysis will enable us to better understand the combined effect of exercise based training and tonic scTS on improving the quality and symmetry of gait pattern in participants with incomplete SCI.

Differential Corticospinal Excitability and Cortical Functional Connectivity Modulation by Spinal Cord Transcutaneous Stimulation-based Motor Training versus Motor Training alone in Able-bodied and SCI participants: A Multiple Case Study.

Spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation (scTS) has shown its potential for boosting motor, sensory, and autonomic function recovery after a spinal cord injury. Despite the demonstrated benefits, little is known about the exact neuromodulatory mechanisms triggered by scTS and the cortex involvement in the beneficial effects observed. Here, we examine the effects of scTS-based motor training and motor training alone on sensorimotor cortical functional connectivity and corticospinal excitability in able-bodied and SCI participants.Clinical Relevance- The results show preliminary evidence of differential cortical involvement and modulation by scTS-based motor training in uninjured and spinal-cord injured individuals. A better understanding of scTS mechanisms of action could help optimize the intervention design and potentiate its benefits.

Effect of Droplet-Laden Fibers on Aerodynamics of Fog Collection on Vertical Fiber Arrays.

Growing population, along with rapid urbanization, has led to severe water scarcity, necessitating development of novel techniques to mitigate this looming problem. Fog contains water in the form of liquid droplets suspended in air, which can be collected on a porous structure placed in the path of the fog flow. We first develop an artificial fog-generating system using the thermodynamic principle of mixing of air streams followed by condensation, which closely mimics the liquid water content and droplet size distribution of natural fog. We then investigate how collected fog droplets growing on fiber surfaces alter the aerodynamics of fog flow across vertical fiber arrays, called harps, thus affecting their fog collection efficiency. As deposited droplets grow on the fiber surface, they increase the area occluded by droplet-laden fibers, thus increasing the effective shade coefficient (SCact), which increases with time from its initial geometric value (SCgeo), eventually reaching a quasi-steady state, as droplet shedding due to gravity and droplet growth due to fog collection balance each other. We find that this difference in the SCgeo and SCact is governed by local fiber geometry and its physico-chemical morphology; the process dynamics is captured by a nondimensional number, SC*, which increases with the length scale corresponding to the critical volume of droplet shedding relative to the fiber diameter, V*. Thus, there is a significantly greater increase in the effective shade coefficient for thin fibers having larger values of V* as compared to fibers with larger diameters which have lower V* values. On hydrophobic fibers, the quasi-steady state is achieved faster, and the time-averaged SCact is lower as compared to hydrophilic fibers due to the lower critical volume of droplet shedding. The shape of droplets growing on harp fibers affects the aerodynamics of fog flow, its inertial capture mechanism, and efficiency, which can guide design considerations for fog harps toward achieving optimal fog collection performance.

Chronodentistry through orthodontic perspective: A literature review.

The human body possesses a unique set of machinery called the molecular/biological clocks that function on a regular 24-h basis forming a circadian rhythm (CR). This aids in coordinating the human biological system with ever-changing environmental conditions, thereby maintaining a balance in its functioning. The central/core component of this system is known to be in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus with a few aides in the periphery. The periodontal ligament in humans, being one of the dynamic oral tissues, has been shown to exhibit this self-sustained, innate oscillatory behavior that has gained significant attention from dental surgeons. Though substantial evidence regarding its precise role in maintaining circadian periodicity is still unclear, its indispensable role in dentofacial functioning cannot be denied. This review is an attempt in bringing to light the possible role of circadian periodicity in the functioning of oral tissues in the field of orthodontics with a special focus on its role in bone remodeling, orthodontic tooth movement, orthopedic and functional appliances, pain management, and their clinical implications. This could provide a better understanding of the various physiologic and pathologic processes and help us refine our approach toward orthodontic diagnosis and therapeutics. This review would therefore serve as an overview, opening more avenues for further research on this topic that can greatly help the orthodontic fraternity.

DNA vaccine incorporated poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres offer enhanced protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Encapsulation of DNA vaccines onto carriers enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen. Specifically, biodegradable polymers offer sustained release of vaccines which is crucial for any targeted delivery approach. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres were used to load a DNA vaccine having a targeted gene of outer membrane protein (OMP) of Aeromonas hydrophila to clone and construct a DNA vaccine using a eukaryotic expression vector system (pVAX1-OMP DNA) and delivery in Carassius auratus against A. hydrophila infection. PLGA microspheres were prepared by emulsion technique oil-in-water and characterized by a High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HR-SEM). The results of PLGA-pVAX1-OMP DNA microspheres shows that average of 100-150 µm particle size and a loading efficiency (LE) of 68.8 %. Results indicate that C. auratus fed with PLGA-pVAX1-OMP DNA microspheres revealed a significant improvement in innate immune response, which includes, myeloperoxidase activity, respiratory burst and total immunoglobulin level compared with control group fish. The immune-related gene, IL1ß, IL10, TGF, c-type, and g-type lysozyme also showed significantly higher expression after immunization. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of the PLGA-pVAX1-OMP DNA (G III) group exhibited a significantly higher survival rate (78 %) than the control group of fish. These results help us to understand the of mechanism of DNA vaccine administrated feed through PLGA nanoparticles resistance to infection by regulating systemic and innate immunity in Carassius auratus.

Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face and their correlation to phi in a South Indian population.

Background: With the shift in focus from the hard to soft tissue in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, the scope of orthodontic treatment has grown beyond achieving an ideal occlusion, also to achieve ideal aesthetic facial proportions. Since time immemorial, the various horizontal and vertical proportions of an ideal face is considered to follow the golden/divine ratio. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the vertical and horizontal proportions of the face and their relation of phi in males and females of Dakshina Kannada population. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 100 subjects, which included 50 males and 50 females, aged between 18 and 30 years. Photographs were taken under standardized condition and adjusted to a standardized image size (5″ × 4″). Adobe Photoshop CS5.1 software was used for making all the measurements. A total of 11 vertical and horizontal ratios were independently measured for males and females, and their relation to phi was assessed. The data were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk test for testing the normality. Homogeneity of variance assumption was tested by using Levene statistic homogeneity of variance. One sample t test was used for the comparison between phi and mean vertical and horizontal ratios in males and females. Results: In males and females of the Dakshina Kannada, a statistically significant correlation was seen between all the horizontal and vertical facial proportions and phi (p < 0.05). Between male and female groups, a significant difference was noted in the intertemporal/intercanthal ratio, interalae/nose width and Intereye-soft menton/ala-soft menton (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Golden proportion can be used as a guideline in orthodontic treatment planning. However, it should not be the decisive factor in determining the facial attractiveness.