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We examined clinical and epidemiological features of 575 laboratory-confirmed cases of vibrio gastroenteritis in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas from 1988 to 1997 (the US Gulf of Mexico Regional Vibrio Surveillance System). Illnesses occurred year round, with peaks in spring and autumn. Illnesses lasted a median of 7 days and included fever in half of patients and bloody stools in 25% of patients with relevant information. Seventy-two percent of patients reported no underlying illnesses. In the week before onset, 236 (53%) of 445 patients for whom data were available ate raw oysters, generally at a restaurant or bar. Educational efforts should address the risk of vibrio gastroenteritis for raw oyster consumers, including healthy individuals. Further studies should examine environmental conditions affecting vibrio counts on seafood and processing technologies to enhance the safety of raw oysters.
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Contaminação de Alimentos , Gastroenterite/virologia , Ostreidae/virologia , Frutos do Mar/virologia , Vibrioses/epidemiologia , Adulto , Animais , Educação , Feminino , Gastroenterite/etiologia , Gastroenterite/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Sudeste dos Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vibrioses/etiologia , Vibrioses/patologiaRESUMO
The influence of infection-control practices on bloodstream infection (BSI) risk was examined in a home health care setting in which three needleless devices were used consecutively. A case-control study and a retrospective cohort study were conducted. Risk factors for BSI included lower education level, younger age, having a central venous catheter (CVC) with multiple ports, or having a tunneled CVC. Among patients with a tunneled CVC, those at greatest risk had been allowed to shower rather than bathe and to get their exit site wet (P<.01). A high proportion (49%) of isolates were hydrophilic gram-negative bacteria, suggesting water sources of infection. In the cohort study, the BSI rate decreased as the frequency of changing the needleless device end cap increased from once weekly up to every 2 days, suggesting that the mechanism for BSI may involve contamination from the end cap. These findings may help to develop infection-control measures specific to home health care.
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Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Cateterismo/efeitos adversos , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar , Controle de Infecções , Micoses/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Infecções Bacterianas/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Demografia , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Feminino , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/patogenicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Micoses/sangue , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
This study assessed accuracy of (a) recording Vibrio vulnificus infection on death certificates and (b) International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 codes for V. vulnificus. Patients with microbiologically confirmed V. vulnificus infection were identified as part of co-ordinated surveillance in four USA Gulf Coast states between 1989 and 1993. Of 60 deaths, 51 death certificates were reviewed and V. vulnificus was recorded as the immediate cause of death on 11 (22%). There was no ICD-9 code for V. vulnificus infection, thus no patients had an ICD-9 code indicating V. vulnificus infection. Of 23 certificates where V. vulnificus was recorded on the death certificate, only 5 (22%) were coded for Gram-negative, septicaemia. This study highlights the importance of teaching physicians how to provide epidemiologically meaningful data on death certificates and the need for accurate ICD mortality codes.
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Atestado de Óbito , Vibrioses/mortalidade , Vibrio/classificação , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Humanos , Vigilância da População , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine infant sleep instructions that hospital personnel in our community were giving to parents and actual positions practiced after the April 15, 1992 American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for nonprone positioning. DESIGN: Survey of mothers of infants =4 months of age from November 1993 to March 1994 with follow-up survey of selected birth hospitals. SETTING: A private practice (PP) serving predominantly white middle- and upper-income children and a pediatric clinic (CY) serving inner-city predominantly African-American low-income children in Louisville, Kentucky. PATIENTS: Fifty infants from each practice site. OUTCOME MEASURE: The sleep instructions given and practiced, and other risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). RESULTS: Nonprone sleeping instructions were received by 72% of the PP and only 48% of the CY parents, with 72% of the PP and 54% of the CY following the nonprone recommendations. Infants were more likely to be in smoking households (60% vs 12%) from the CY practice than the PP practice. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that, despite having a higher prevalence of SIDS risk factors, there was a greater delay in discontinuing prone positioning instructions in the hospital serving the CY infants. The evidence suggests that this population is as likely as the PP group to follow medical advice given.
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Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Educação em Saúde/normas , Ambulatório Hospitalar/estatística & dados numéricos , Pais/educação , Cooperação do Paciente , Prática Privada/estatística & dados numéricos , Sono/fisiologia , Morte Súbita do Lactente/prevenção & controle , Decúbito Dorsal , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Kentucky , Masculino , Recursos Humanos em Hospital , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etiologiaRESUMO
In this study, serial reproducibility was determined on standard M-mode (M-mode) and two dimensional guided M-mode (2-D M-mode) records for ten normal volunteers and 20 patients. Overall intraobserver variability in the normal group was 518 +/- 1.8 percent (M-mode) and 3.1 +/- 0.8 percent (2-D M-mode), and in the patient group 3.1 +/- 0.6 percent (M-mode) and 4.7 +/- 0.7 percent (2-D M-mode) (P = NS). Variability on serial examination, however, was twofold to threefold greater. In the normal group, reproducibility varied by 10.8 +/- 1.6 percent (M-mode) and 9.4 +/- 1.2 percent (2-D M-mode), while in the patient group, it was 8.7 +/- 0.9 percent (M-mode) and 9.4 +/- 0.7 percent (2-D M-mode). The lowest serial variability achieved was for the diastolic LV dimension on serial M-mode examination (4 percent); the largest variability pertained to measurement of the interventricular septum (14 percent). Other structures had intermediate variation in reproducibility. This study emphasizes that establishing performance variability for an echocardiographic laboratory is an important part of the interpretation of serial records.
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Ecocardiografia , Ecocardiografia/normas , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Humanos , Padrões de ReferênciaRESUMO
The concentration of airborne soil dust at Enewetak Atoll(11 degrees N, 162 degrees E) in April 1979 was 2.3 micrograms per cubic meter but decreased steadily to 0.02 microgram per cubic meter over the next 5 months. The spring dust is probably derived from China; its deposition rate ( approximately 0.3 millimeter per 1000 years) suggests that it may be a significant contributor to the deep-sea sediments of the North Pacific.
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A 2-cm aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva was documented in a patient with a prosthetic aortic valve. The M-mode findings differed from prior reports and mimicked those of aortic root dissection or a catheter placed in the right ventricular outflow tract. Two-dimensional echocardiograms readily distinguished the aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva from the alternative possibilities.
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Aneurisma Aórtico/diagnóstico , Ecocardiografia , Seio Aórtico , Adulto , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Endocardite Bacteriana/complicações , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Concentrations of lead, iron, nickel, copper, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and chlorinated hydrocarbons are enriched from 1.5 to 50 times in the top 100 to 150 micrometers of Narragansett Bay water relative to the bulk water 20 centimeters below the surface. Trace metal enrichment was observed in the particulate and organic fractions but not in the inorganic fraction. If these substances are concentrated in films only a few molecular layers thick on the water surface, the actual enrichment factor in the films may be well over 10(4), resulting in extremely high localized pollutant concentrations in the surface microlayer.
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Ácidos Graxos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos/análise , Metais/análise , Poluição da Água/análise , Cobre/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Halogenados/análise , Ferro/análise , Chumbo/análise , Níquel/análise , Rhode Island , Água do Mar/análise , Poluição Química da Água/análiseRESUMO
Bluensomycin inhibited various species of proteus in vitro at low concentrations. A lethal proteus infection in mice was cured by bluensomycin.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Proteus/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Proteus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Numerous strains of Candida were inhibited by low concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine in vitro. Marked increase in life span occurred in C. albicans-infected mice treated with 5-fluorocytosine.