Seven years of preoperative BTA abdominal wall preparation and the Macquarie system for surgical management of complex ventral hernia.

PURPOSE: To assess 7-year outcomes after complex ventral hernia (CVH) repair using pre-operative Botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection and the Macquarie System of management. METHODS: Clinical examination and functional non-contrast abdominal CT scans were used to assess complications and recurrences encountered in a prospective series of 88 consecutive CVH repairs using pre-operative BTA injection (200 or 300 units) between November 2012 and December 2019. Pre-operative progressive pneumoperitoneum (PPP) and/or component separation (CS) were also used in some cases. RESULTS: All hernia defects (mean transverse width 12.9 ± 5.2 cm) were successfully closed using either laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted open techniques facilitated by pre-operative BTA injection. The mean pre-operative post-BTA lateral oblique length gain was 4.7 ± 2.2 cm/side (p < 0.001). In 43 patients with defects < 12 cm wide, closure was achieved using BTA-only in 33 (76.7%), BTA + PPP in 2 (4.7%), BTA + CS in 5 (11.6%) and BTA + PPP + CS in 3 (7.0%). In the remaining 45 patients with defects [Formula: see text] 12 cm wide, closure was achieved using BTA-only in 9 (20.0%), BTA + PPP in 11 (24.4%), BTA + CS in 5 (11.1%) and BTA + PPP + CS in 20 (44.4%). There was a significant correlation between increasing defect size and the need for 2 or more CVH closure procedures (χ2 = 25.28, p < 0.0005). There were no BTA complications. Two patients developed midline hernia recurrences. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative BTA injection of the abdominal wall is a safe procedure that facilitates hernia defect closure and reduces the need for CS, especially when defect size is less than 12 cm. BTA may also decrease the rate of hernia recurrence.

Selective muscle botulinum toxin A component paralysis in complex ventral hernia repair.

INTRODUCTION: Repair of complex ventral hernia presents a significant challenge plagued by high morbidity and recurrence. Recent studies have demonstrated significant benefits achievable with preoperative Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) chemical component paralysis to the abdominal wall muscles, facilitating primary closure of complex ventral hernia defects. However, transversus abdominis is known to play an integral role in truncal stability, and its paralysis can result in unwanted physiological changes. This is the first study to report on selective administration of preoperative BTA to internal and external oblique muscles only, thus sparing transversus abdominis from paralysis. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study of 46 patients who underwent either selective two-layer or standard three-layer abdominal wall muscle BTA injection prior to elective laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. Serial abdominal CT imaging was performed to compare defect size and length of the lateral abdominal musculature. RESULTS: 46 patients received preoperative BTA injections (23 in each group). A comparison of gains achieved from chemical component paralysis demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Fascial closure was achieved in all cases, with no post-operative sequelae of abdominal hypertension. There are no hernia recurrences to date. CONCLUSION: Preoperative selective muscle chemical component paralysis is an effective technique to counteract the chronic muscle retraction observed in large ventral hernias. Transversus abdominis plays a significant role in truncal and spinal stability, and sparing it from paralysis preserves an important component of abdominal wall physiology and does not detract from the ability to primarily close complex defects.

Laparoscopic repair of complex ventral hernia facilitated by pre-operative chemical component relaxation using Botulinum Toxin A.

PURPOSE: The operative management of complex ventral hernia poses a formidable challenge, despite recent advances in surgical techniques. Recurrence rates after complex ventral hernia repair remain high, and increase with each failed attempt. This study examines the effect of pre-operative abdominal wall chemical component relaxation using Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) to induce temporary flaccid paralysis in order to facilitate laparoscopic repair of large complex ventral hernia. METHODS: This is a prospective evaluation of 27 patients from January 2013 to August 2015 who underwent ultrasound guided BTA injections to the lateral abdominal wall muscles prior to elective complex ventral hernia repair. Non-contrast serial CT imaging was obtained pre- and post-BTA injection to measure change in fascial defect size and abdominal wall muscle thickness and length. Fascial defects were closed and hernias repaired using laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted intra-peritoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) techniques. RESULTS: 27 patients received pre-operative BTA injections which were well tolerated with no complications. Comparison of pre-BTA and post-BTA CT imaging demonstrated a significant increase in mean length of the lateral abdominal wall from 15.7 cm pre-BTA to 19.9 cm post-BTA (p < 0.0001), with mean unstretched length gain of 4.2 cm/side (range 0-11.7 cm/side). All hernias were surgically reduced and repaired with mesh, with no early recurrences. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative administration of BTA is a safe and effective technique in the pre-operative preparation of patients undergoing elective complex ventral hernia repair. This technique lengthens and relaxes the laterally retracted abdominal muscles and enables laparoscopic closure of large complex ventral hernia.

Bio-interference screw cyst formation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction--10-year follow up.

PURPOSE: This study used serial MRI to assess the absorption of a poly l-lactide Bioabsorbable interference screw used in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a 4-strand hamstring technique. METHODS: A consecutive series of ten patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction a 4-strand hamstring technique were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10 years postoperatively. RESULTS: No resorption had occurred after 4 years in any of the patients. By 7 years screw absorption was complete in seven patients and had progressed in three. New cyst formation occurred in 3 patients between 5 and 7 years. Half the patients displayed small fluid collections within the tibial tunnels. At 10 years all screws were fully absorbed; however cyst formation was common, including the development of a new cyst in the period between 7 and 10 years in one patient. None of the patients had instability, persistent effusions, or clinically detectable adverse reactions to the screws. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that poly l-lactide bioabsorbable screws take longer to resorb than initial in vitro data suggested. It is unclear whether ganglion formation within the tibial tunnel is related to screw resorption or the hamstring graft. The theoretical advantages of bioabsorbable screws must be weighed against these findings.

Sportsman hernia: what can we do?

INTRODUCTION: Sportsman (sports) hernia is a medially located bulge in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal that is common in football players. About 90% of cases occur in males. The injury is also found in the general population. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The presenting symptom is chronic groin pain which develops during exercise, aggravated by sudden movements, accompanied by subtle physical examination findings and a medial inguinal bulge on ultrasound. Pain persists after a game, abates during a period of lay-off, but returns on the resumption of sport. Frequently, sports hernia is one component of a more extensive pattern of injury known as 'groin disruption injury' consisting of osteitis pubis, conjoint tendinopathy, adductor tendinopathy and obturator nerve entrapment. RISK FACTORS: Certain risk factors have been identified, including reduced hip range of motion and poor muscle balance around the pelvis, limb length discrepancy and pelvic instability. The suggested aetiology of the injury is repetitive athletic loading of the symphysis pubis disc, leading to accelerated disc degeneration with consequent pelvic instability and vulnerability to micro-fracturing along the pubic osteochondral junction, periosteal stripping of the pubic ligaments and para-symphyseal tendon tears, causing tendon dysfunction. RADIOLOGY: Diagnostic imaging includes an erect pelvic radiograph (X-ray) with flamingo stress views of the symphysis pubis, real-time ultrasound and, occasionally, computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but seldom contrast herniography. Other imaging tests occasionally performed can include nuclear bone scan, limb leg measurement and test injections of local anaesthetic/corticosteroid. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT: The injury may be prevented by the detection and monitoring of players at risk and by correcting significant limb length inequality. Groin reconstruction operation consists of a Maloney darn hernia repair technique, repair of the conjoint tendon, transverse adductor tenotomy and obturator nerve release. Rehabilitation involves core stabilisation exercises and the maintenance of muscle control and strength around the pelvis. OUTCOME: Using this regimen of groin reconstruction and post-operative rehabilitation, a player would be anticipated to return to their pre-injury level of activity approximately 3 months after surgery.

Morton's metatarsalgia: sonographic findings and correlated histopathology.

The results of 79 high resolution ultrasound examinations of the forefoot that were performed for suspected Morton's metatarsalgia were retrospectively assessed. Scans were only obtained if the pain was poorly localized or if there were atypical features that made the clinical diagnosis uncertain. Ultrasound detected 92 hypoechoic intermetatarsal web space masses in 63 patients. Surgery was performed on 23 web spaces in 22 patients where the response to nonsurgical management had been poor. The surgical specimens were retrieved and reviewed by a pathologist in 21 cases. The histopathology in 20 of 21 operated cases was that of Morton's neuroma; however, prominent mucoid degeneration was also found to involve the adjacent loose fibroadipose tissues in 19 of 20 neuroma specimens. Ultrasound was sensitive in the detection of web space abnormality (sensitivity, 0.95), but could not clearly separate Morton's neuroma from associated mass-like mucoid degeneration in the adjacent loose connective tissues. The implications of these observations for both diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

Shoulder ultrasound: diagnostic accuracy for impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, and biceps tendon pathology.

We sought to determine the accuracy of ultrasound for the preoperative evaluation of shoulder impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, and abnormalities of the long head of the biceps tendon. The findings in 42 consecutive surgical cases were compared with the preoperative sonographic readings. Ultrasound detected all of the 10 full-thickness cuff tears identified at surgery (sensitivity 1.0, specificity 0.97) but detected only 6 of 13 partial-thickness cuff tears (sensitivity 0.46, specificity 0.97). A full-thickness tear was falsely diagnosed in one case of severe cuff abrasion. Dynamic scan criteria correctly diagnosed impingement in 27 of 34 cases (sensitivity 0.79, positive predictive value 0.96). Abnormalities of the long head of the biceps were accurately diagnosed with the exception of low-grade tendinitis and the superior labral tear, anterior to posterior, lesion. We concluded that ultrasound is a sensitive and accurate method of identifying patients with full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff, extracapsular biceps tendon pathology, or both. Dynamic ultrasound can help confirm, but not exclude, a clinical diagnosis of impingement.

Groin pain associated with ultrasound finding of inguinal canal posterior wall deficiency in Australian Rules footballers.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of inguinal canal posterior wall deficiency (sports hernia) in professional Australian Rules footballers using an ultrasound technique and correlate the results with the clinical symptom of groin pain. METHODS: Thirty five professional Australian footballers with and without groin pain were investigated blind with a dynamic high resolution ultrasound technique for presence of posterior wall deficiency. RESULTS: Fourteen players had a history of significant recent groin pain and ten of these were found to have bilateral inguinal canal posterior wall deficiency (p < 0.01). The relative risk for a history of groin pain with bilateral deficiency was 8.0 (95% confidence interval 1.73 to 37.1). Groin pain was also found to be associated with increasing age (p < 0.01) which was an independent risk factor. Surgical, clinical, and ultrasound follow up for players who underwent hernia repair confirmed the validity of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic ultrasound examination is able to detect inguinal canal posterior wall deficiency in young males with no clinical signs of hernia. This condition is very prevalent in professional Australian Rules footballers, including some who are asymptomatic. There was a correlation between bilateral deficiency and groin pain, although the temporal relationship between the clinical and ultrasound findings is not established by the current study. Ultrasound shows promise as a diagnostic tool in athletes with chronic groin pain who are considered possible candidates for hernia repair.

Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Basic Principles.

Equipment selection and examination technique are critical issues in the practice of musculoskeletal ultrasound.

Diagnostic ultrasound of the hand and wrist.

To assess the efficacy, role, and limitations of diagnostic ultrasound in the hand and wrist, the results of 98 examinations performed for a variety of surgical conditions were retrospectively analyzed. Ultrasound was shown to be reliable in evaluating radiolucent foreign body, tendon rupture versus tendon adhesion, tendinitis, peritendinitis, and ganglion cyst (specificity, 1; positive predictive value, 1). A correct suggestion of soft tissue mass histology was offered in six of eight operated cases. Tumor size and extent was accurately assessed in all but one case. The observed limitation of ultrasound was a small false negative rate in each category, which related to a variety of factors, including operator dependence, resolution threshold in the submillimeter range, image degradation due to postoperative edema, a narrow field of view, and one instance of indiscrete tumor margination. More work is needed to determine the role (if any) of ultrasound in the evaluation of peripheral nerve, triangular fibrocartilage, dorsal carpal ligament, and bone pathology.

Diagnostic ultrasound.

Significant growth in the technology and clinical application of diagnostic ultrasound has occurred over the past decade. The non cardiac aspects of these recent developments are briefly discussed and illustrated.

Breast cancer diagnosis by screening mammography: early results of the Central Sydney Area Health Service Breast X-ray Programme.

The Central Sydney Area Health Service (CSAHS) Breast X-ray Programme is a pilot mammography screening project for breast cancer detection funded by the NSW Government. Screening by two-view mammography is carried out in a mobile van and is offered free to women aged over 45 years living in the CSAHS region, the inner western suburbs of Sydney. In the first 18 months of operation from March 1988, 7193 women were screened: 99 women underwent excision biopsy and 53 cancers were diagnosed. This is an overall detection rate of seven cancers per thousand women screened. Sixty per cent of the cancers were impalpable to the examining surgeon; 19% of all cancers were shown to have axillary node metastasis at the time of diagnosis. These results compare well with those of the major European screening studies.