Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Stice's Bulimia in a Non-Clinical Sample.

Some females are at an increased risk of developing bulimia. However, etiological factors and their interplay remain controversial. The present study analyzed Sticefe Model for eating disorders in a non-clinical population by examining gender differences with respect to the following risk factors: body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, perceived social pressure to be thin, body-thin internalization, and dieting behavior. A sample of 162 American college students (64 males and 91 females) was surveyed, and validated scales were used. The Sticey model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling. Our results supported Stice r Dual Pathway Model of bulimic pathology for females but not for males. Females reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction, perceived pressure to be thin and weight-loss oriented behaviors than males (p .05), a key predictor of body dissatisfaction (r = .33; p .05) although their BMI was significantly lower than males (d = 0,51). The results of this study fail to support the role of BMI as a predictor of dietary restraint in females, the main risk factor of eating disorders. Males may abstain from dietary restraint to gain muscular volume and in turn increase their BMI. Implications are discussed.

Gender differences in risk factors for stice's bulimia in a non-clinical sample

Some females are at an increased risk of developing bulimia. However, etiological factors and their interplay remain controversial. The present study analyzed Sticefe Model for eating disorders in a non-clinical population by examining gender differences with respect to the following risk factors: body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, perceived social pressure to be thin, body-thin internalization, and dieting behavior. A sample of 162 American college students (64 males and 91 females) was surveyed, and validated scales were used. The Sticey model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling. Our results supported Stice r Dual Pathway Model of bulimic pathology for females but not for males. Females reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction, perceived pressure to be thin and weight-loss oriented behaviors than males (p < .05), but no gender differences were found in their degree of body thin internalization (p > .05), a key predictor of body dissatisfaction (r = .33; p < .01). Participants with higher BMI reported greater social pressure to be thin than those with lower BMI (p < .05). However, females engaged in dietary restraint, the main risk factor for eating disorders, regardless of their BMI (p > .05) although their BMI was significantly lower than males (d = 0,51). The results of this study fail to support the role of BMI as a predictor of dietary restraint in females, the main risk factor of eating disorders. Males may abstain from dietary restraint to gain muscular volume and in turn increase their BMI. Implications are discussed (AU)

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Using heart rate to detect high-intensity efforts during professional soccer competition.

The goal of this article is to detect, describe, and compare 2 heart rate (HR) conditions associated with high-intensity efforts but somewhat different in nature: The first one is indicated by HR values close to the maximum heart reserve (MHRR), and the second is indicated by a marked increase in the HR values (MIHR). It was expected that both conditions were associated with different game situations. A sample of 441 game situations (241 MIHRs and 200 MHRRs), taken from HR records and individual filming of 12 elite soccer players, was assessed along 7 preseason competition matches. The game situations in which each of these 441 HR conditions took place were identified, using a previously established taxonomy of a combination of field formats and category systems in the Match Vision Studio Premium. For the recording of the HR condition, an HRM Polar was attached to the players when in competition, together with a simultaneous filming of their performance during the game. The HRM and video recordings were synchronized beforehand to be able to relate the game situation in the film with HR conditions. The results showed significant differences between both HR conditions for 4 criteria of game situations (Ball in play, Game Center, Role, and Opposition). In all the cases, the MIHR is more associated with active participation of the players in the game, whereas the MHRR is more associated with the end of this participation. Thus, the results suggest that MIHR could be a useful complementary measurement to assess the intensity of physiological load that elite soccer players bear during competition, together with more traditional measurements such as MHRR.

Atitudes e valores relativamente ao meio ambiente: previsão de normas pessoais e intenção comportamental / Attitudes and values related to the environment: porecast of personal norms and intended behavior

A necessidade de explicar a natureza da relação entre as pessoas e o meio ambiente tem contribuído para um importante esforço de investigação. Para além deste enquadramento geral, existe um interesse crescente de investigação. Para além deste enquadramento geral, existe um interesse crescente no estudo da estrutura das atitudes, das crenças e dos valores e da sua influência no comportamento ambiental. Este modelo compara dois modelos de previsão de conduta pró-ambiental. Um deles corresponde à Teoria da Activação da Norma de Schwartz (1977, 1992), e o outro foi desenvolvido por Stern et al. (1995a, 1995b). Ambos prevêem a conduta pró-ambiental, considerando a mediação de normas pessoais ou de intenção de conduta.Neste estudo utilizam-se como estimadores atitudes gerais e específicas em relação ao meio ambiente, crenças e valores. Os resultados apóiam o modelo de Stern e confirmam o seu maior poder explicativo.

The need to explain the nature of the relation between individuals and the environment has contributed towards important investigations. Beyond this general context, there is a growing interest in studies of the of the structure of the structure attitudes, beliefs and values and their influence on environmental behavior. This model compares two models for forecasting pro-environmental behavior. One of them corresponds to the Norm-Activation Theory by Schwartz (1977, 1992), and the other was developed by Stern et al. (1995a, 1995b). Both foresee pro-environmental behavior. General and specific attitudes in relation to the environment, beliefs and values have been used in this study as estimates. The results support Stern’s model and confirm its greater explanatory power.

Atitudes e valores relativamente ao meio ambiente. Previsão de normas pessoais e intenção comportamental / Attitudes and values related to the environment. Forecast of personal norms and intended behavior

A necessidade de explicar a natureza da relação entre as pessoas e o meio ambiente tem contribuído para um importante esforço de investigação. Para além deste enquadramento geral, existe um interesse crescente de investigação. Para além deste enquadramento geral, existe um interesse crescente no estudo da estrutura das atitudes, das crenças e dos valores e da sua influência no comportamento ambiental. Este modelo compara dois modelos de previsão de conduta pró-ambiental. Um deles corresponde à Teoria da Activação da Norma de Schwartz (1977, 1992), e o outro foi desenvolvido por Stern et al. (1995a, 1995b). Ambos prevêem a conduta pró-ambiental, considerando a mediação de normas pessoais ou de intenção de conduta.Neste estudo utilizam-se como estimadores atitudes gerais e específicas em relação ao meio ambiente, crenças e valores. Os resultados apóiam o modelo de Stern e confirmam o seu maior poder explicativo.AU

The need to explain the nature of the relation between individuals and the environment has contributed towards important investigations. Beyond this general context, there is a growing interest in studies of the of the structure of the structure attitudes, beliefs and values and their influence on environmental behavior. This model compares two models for forecasting pro-environmental behavior. One of them corresponds to the Norm-Activation Theory by Schwartz (1977, 1992), and the other was developed by Stern et al. (1995a, 1995b). Both foresee pro-environmental behavior. General and specific attitudes in relation to the environment, beliefs and values have been used in this study as estimates. The results support Stern’s model and confirm its greater explanatory power.AU