RESUMO
Using a combination of data from routine surveillance, genomic sequencing, and phylogeographic analysis we tracked the spread and introduction events of SARS-CoV-2 variants focusing on a large university community. Here, we sequenced and analyzed 677 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes from positive RNA samples collected from Purdue University students, faculty, and staff who tested positive for the virus between January 2021 and May 2021, comprising an average of 32% of weekly cases across the time frame. Our analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants over time revealed periods when Variant of Concern (VOC) Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Iota (B.1.526) reached rapid dominance and documented that VOC Gamma (P.1) was increasing in frequency as campus surveillance was ending. Phylodynamic analysis of Gamma genomes from campus alongside a subsampling of >20,000 previously published P.1 genomes revealed ten independent introductions of this variant into the Purdue community, predominantly from elsewhere in the United States, with introductions from within the state of Indiana and from Illinois, and possibly Washington and New York, suggesting a degree of domestic spread. We conclude that a robust and sustained active and passive surveillance program coupled with genomic sequencing during a pandemic offers important insights into the dynamics of pathogen arrival and spread in a campus community and can help guide mitigation measures.
RESUMO
ImportanceWhile COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against disease, breakthrough infections may occur in the context of rising variants of concern. ObjectiveWe paired random and passive surveillance nucleic acid testing with analysis of viral whole genomic sequences to detect and describe breakthrough infections, focusing in a university community. DesignAnterior nasal swabs were collected from individuals for a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for detection of SARS-CoV-2. A subset of NAAT positive samples was sequenced to determine variants associated with infections. Included in the testing and sequencing protocol were individuals that were fully vaccinated. SettingThis study was performed as part of a surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2 on a university campus with 49,700 students and employees. ParticipantsSurveillance testing was random and included approximately 10% of the population each week. Additionally, individuals self-identified with COVID-19 related symptoms or those that had close contact with SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals were also tested.
