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1.
Rev Esp Salud Publica ; 982024 May 28.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38804329

RESUMO

Harm reduction is a classic Public Health concept to refer to the reduction of the negative effect of drug use/abuse with a focus on justice and human rights, but the tobacco industry has been perverting this concept for years and using it as a tool for its own marketing. This publication details what real harm reduction action on tobacco use would be, when it should be implemented, and what pillars it should be based on. Different methods of reducing the harmful effects of tobacco and nicotine have been tried and tested over time, but the results have been poor; therefore, smoking cessation by the various officially recognised methods is recommended as a priority objective, using the tools that are truly supported by science. In contrast, it also explains the strategies developed by the industry to manipulate consumers and make them dependent on products that can eventually kill them: from the development of filtered cigarettes to light cigarettes, and from menthol to flavoured vapes. In all cases, they have falsely led people to believe that they were developing less toxic products when they were not. Nowadays, both light and menthol cigarettes are banned in Spain, filters have not reduced risk but increased the use, and vapes try to replace cigarettes with their attractive flavours and their false legend of healthier products when what they are really doing is maintaining the same addiction by changing the object, encouraging dual use, and attracting younger and younger non-smokers. At the same time, a strategy of dividing the opinion of health professionals has been developed, using medical doctors and researchers with recognised conflicts of interest but who manage to confuse consumers. In conclusion, we consider that, although nicotine releasing devices may be useful elements in some particular cases, they are not recommended at the population level as they can promote onset, prevent cessation, as well as maintaining the addictive capacity. The only nicotine products that are recommended are those of pharmacological use approved for the case and provided they are used as a transitional tool to complete cessation.


La reducción de daños es un concepto clásico de la Salud Pública para referirse a la reducción del impacto negativo del consumo de drogas con un enfoque de justicia y derechos humanos, pero la industria tabacalera lleva años pervirtiendo este concepto y utilizándolo como una herramienta de su propio marketing. La presente publicación detalla qué sería una verdadera acción de reducción de daños en tabaquismo, cuándo debería aplicarse y en qué pilares debería sostenerse. A lo largo del tiempo se han probado distintos métodos de minorar los efectos perjudiciales del tabaco y de la nicotina, si bien los resultados han sido escasos; así pues, se propone como objetivo prioritario la cesación tabáquica por los distintos métodos reconocidos, utilizando como herramientas las verdaderamente amparadas por la Ciencia. En contraste, se explican también las estrategias desarrolladas por la industria para manipular a los consumidores y hacerles dependientes de unos productos que eventualmente pueden acabar con sus vidas: desde el desarrollo de los cigarrillos con filtro a los light, y de los mentolados a los vapers de sabores. En todos los casos han hecho creer falsamente que desarrollaban productos menos tóxicos cuando no era así. Hoy en día, tanto los cigarrillos light como los mentolados están prohibidos en España, los filtros no han conseguido una disminución del riesgo y sí un aumento del consumo, y los vapers intentan sustituir a los cigarrillos con sus aromas atractivos y su falsa leyenda de productos más sanos cuando lo que están haciendo en realidad es mantener la misma adicción cambiando el objeto, fomentando el consumo dual, y atrayendo a consumidores no-fumadores previos cada vez más jóvenes. Paralelamente, se ha desarrollado una estrategia de división de la opinión de los profesionales sanitarios, con médicos e investigadores con reconocidos conflictos de interés pero que logran confundir al consumidor. Como conclusión consideramos que, si bien en algún caso particular los DSLN (dispositivos susceptibles de liberar nicotina) puedan ser elementos útiles, no son recomendables a nivel poblacional ya que pueden promover el inicio del consumo e impedir la cesación, además de mantener la capacidad adictógena. Los únicos productos de nicotina que se recomiendan son aquellos de uso farmacológico aprobados para el caso y siempre que se usen como herramienta transitoria para la cesación completa.


Assuntos
Redução do Dano , Saúde Pública , Humanos , Saúde Pública/métodos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Uso de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , Espanha , Indústria do Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência
2.
Rev Esp Salud Publica ; 932019 Aug 13.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31407675

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU) obliges manufacturers and importers of tobacco products and related to notify Member States the commercialization of these products through the EU Common Entry Portal (EU-CEG). The objective of this study is to describe the main data available in EU-CEG in Spain and analyze its implications for smoking control policies. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the data obtained in EU-CEG for Spain. The access is done through .xml or .pdf files, downloaded from the portal or consulted through its interface. It describes the distribution of products, manufacturers, presence of priority ingredients, Slim cigarettes and concentration of nicotine in liquids. RESULTS: In the EU-CEG portal for Spain there are currently 42,736 records. 83.7% corresponds to the devices susceptible to nicotine release (67% of refill liquids, mainly with concentrations of 3, 6, 12 and 18 mg). In tobacco products, cigarettes (5%), cigars (5.9%) and water pipe tobacco (2.8%) stand out. Herbal products for smoking account for 0.1%. 5 of the priority ingredients for surveillance are present in more than 75% of cigarettes and rolling tobacco. There are 44 records of Slim cigarettes and 9 novel tobacco products. CONCLUSIONS: The EU-CEG portal has become a powerful tool in tobacco control. We highlight challenges that require a joint and comprehensive approach in aspects such as labeling and ingredients, Slim cigarettes and new forms of consumption.


OBJETIVO: La Directiva de Productos del Tabaco (2014/40/EU) obliga a los fabricantes e importadores de productos de tabaco y relacionados a notificar a los Estados miembros la comercialización de estos productos, a través del Portal de Entrada Común de la UE (EU-CEG). El objetivo del estudio fue describir los principales datos disponibles en el EU-CEG en España, así como analizar sus implicaciones para las políticas de control del tabaquismo. METODOS: Se realizó un análisis transversal de los datos obtenidos en el EU-CEG para España. El acceso se realizó a través de archivos en formato xml o pdf, descargados del portal o consultados mediante su interfaz. Se describió la distribución de productos, de fabricantes, la presencia de aditivos prioritarios, y la concentración de nicotina en los líquidos. RESULTADOS: En el portal EU-CEG para España existen actualmente 42.736 registros. El 83,7% correspondía a los dispositivos susceptibles de liberación de nicotina (67% de líquidos de recarga, principalmente con concentraciones de 3, 6, 12 y 18 mg). En productos de tabaco destacaron los cigarrillos (5%), los puros (5,9%) y el tabaco para pipa de agua (2,8%). Los productos de hierbas para fumar supusieron el 0,1%. Cinco de los aditivos prioritarios para su vigilancia estaban presentes en más del 75% de los cigarrillos y del tabaco de liar. Existían 44 registros de cigarrillos Slim y 9 de productos novedosos de tabaco. CONCLUSIONES: El portal EU-CEG se ha convertido en una potente herramienta en el control del tabaco. Destacan los retos que requieren un abordaje conjunto e integral en aspectos como el etiquetado y los ingredientes, los cigarrillos Slim y las nuevas formas de consumo.


Assuntos
Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Produtos do Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Vaping/efeitos adversos , Vaping/legislação & jurisprudência , Estudos Transversais , União Europeia , Humanos , Nicotina , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Espanha/epidemiologia , Nicotiana/efeitos adversos
3.
Rev. esp. salud pública ; 93: 0-0, 2019. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-189487

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: La Directiva de Productos del Tabaco (2014/40/EU) obliga a los fabricantes e importadores de productos de tabaco y relacionados a notificar a los Estados miembros la comercialización de estos productos, a través del Portal de Entrada Común de la UE (EU-CEG). El objetivo del estudio fue describir los principales datos disponibles en el EU-CEG en España, así como analizar sus implicaciones para las políticas de control del tabaquismo. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis transversal de los datos obtenidos en el EU-CEG para España. El acceso se realizó a través de archivos en formato xml o pdf, descargados del portal o consultados mediante su interfaz. Se describió la distribución de productos, de fabricantes, la presencia de aditivos prioritarios, y la concentración de nicotina en los líquidos. RESULTADOS: En el portal EU-CEG para España existen actualmente 42.736 registros. El 83,7% correspondía a los dispositivos susceptibles de liberación de nicotina (67% de líquidos de recarga, principalmente con concentraciones de 3, 6, 12 y 18 mg). En productos de tabaco destacaron los cigarrillos (5%), los puros (5,9%) y el tabaco para pipa de agua (2,8%). Los productos de hierbas para fumar supusieron el 0,1%. Cinco de los aditivos prioritarios para su vigilancia estaban presentes en más del 75% de los cigarrillos y del tabaco de liar. Existían 44 registros de cigarrillos Slim y 9 de productos novedosos de tabaco. CONCLUSIONES: El portal EU-CEG se ha convertido en una potente herramienta en el control del tabaco. Destacan los retos que requieren un abordaje conjunto e integral en aspectos como el etiquetado y los ingredientes, los cigarrillos Slim y las nuevas formas de consumo


OBJECTIVE: The Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU) obliges manufacturers and importers of tobacco products and related to notify Member States the commercialization of these products through the EU Common Entry Portal (EU-CEG). The objective of this study is to describe the main data available in EU-CEG in Spain and analyze its implications for smoking control policies. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the data obtained in EU-CEG for Spain. The access is done through .xml or .pdf files, downloaded from the portal or consulted through its interface. It describes the distribution of products, manufacturers, presence of priority ingredients, Slim cigarettes and concentration of nicotine in liquids. RESULTS: In the EU-CEG portal for Spain there are currently 42,736 records. 83.7% corresponds to the devices susceptible to nicotine release (67% of refill liquids, mainly with concentrations of 3, 6, 12 and 18 mg). In tobacco products, cigarettes (5%), cigars (5.9%) and water pipe tobacco (2.8%) stand out. Herbal products for smoking account for 0.1%. 5 of the priority ingredients for surveillance are present in more than 75% of cigarettes and rolling tobacco. There are 44 records of Slim cigarettes and 9 novel tobacco products. CONCLUSIONS: The EU-CEG portal has become a powerful tool in tobacco control. We highlight challenges that require a joint and comprehensive approach in aspects such as labeling and ingredients, Slim cigarettes and new forms of consumption


Assuntos
Humanos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Produtos do Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Vaping/efeitos adversos , Vaping/legislação & jurisprudência , Estudos Transversais , União Europeia , Nicotina , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Espanha/epidemiologia , Nicotiana/efeitos adversos
4.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 454(1): 1-6, 2014 Nov 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25450357

RESUMO

The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated rice. One of the most important stages in the infective cycle of M. oryzae is the formation of the dome-shaped structure called appressorium. The purpose of the present study was to identify novel peptides to control the rice blast disease by blocking the appressorium formation through screening of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library. As result of the screening, a set of 29 putative bioactive peptides were identified, synthesized and assayed in comparison with the previously identified peptide PAF104. The peptides MgAPI24, MgAPI40 and MgAPI47 showed improved inhibitory activity on the M. oryzae appressorium formation. Our data show that these peptides have a differential effect on two developmental structures: appressoria and appressorium-like structures. Antimicrobial assays against M. oryzae and other non-target microorganisms showed a weak or no toxicity of these peptides, demonstrating their specific activity blocking the appressorium formation. Therefore, the outcome of this research would be useful in the development of novel target-oriented peptides to use in plant protection.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/química , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Magnaporthe/efeitos dos fármacos , Magnaporthe/patogenicidade , Biblioteca de Peptídeos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/genética , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Magnaporthe/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oligopeptídeos/química , Oligopeptídeos/genética , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Oryza/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle
5.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 26(12): 1407-16, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23902261

RESUMO

Magnaporthe oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice and the main cause of crop losses worldwide. The successful management of blast disease caused by this fungus is a clear necessity. The synthetic peptide PAF104 has been characterized by its inhibition of M. oryzae appressorium formation on hydrophobic surfaces. Growth and the ability of conidia to germinate was not affected by PAF104, indicating the lack of toxicity on fungal conidia. The addition of the cutin monomer 1,16-hexadecanediol does not interfere with the inhibitory effect of PAF104 on in vitro hydrophobic surfaces. On the other hand, inhibition of appressorium formation by PAF104 was nullified by the exogenous addition of cAMP. Our results suggest that PAF104 affects the Pmk1 pathway by repression of the gene expression of MoMSB2, which encodes a sensing surface protein, and the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase MST11. The pathogenicity of M. oryzae was reduced after PAF104 treatment specifically blocking appressorium formation. Our results support PAF104 as a promising compound to control rice blast disease by blocking a specific target related to appressorium formation, a process essential for infection of rice leaves. Moreover, PAF104 is proposed as a lead compound to develop novel specific fungicides with improved properties.


Assuntos
Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Magnaporthe/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/genética , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/metabolismo , Magnaporthe/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Magnaporthe/patogenicidade , Magnaporthe/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Confocal , Modelos Biológicos , Mutação , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/fisiologia , Oryza/ultraestrutura , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Poliestirenos , Transdução de Sinais , Esporos Fúngicos
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