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Abstract Objective: Analyze sex hormone's influence during Chagas disease. Methods: Male and female BALB/c mice were divided into six groups, four experimental (sham, orchiectomized, orchiectomized and supplemented with estradiol, orchiectomized supplemented with testosterone, oophorectomized, oophorectomized and supplemented with estradiol, and oophorectomized and supplemented with testosterone), and two control (healthy and intraperitoneally with T. cruzi strain NINOA infected). Clinical data were recorded daily, parasitemia was evaluated using a Neubauer chamber during the infection, and heart histopathological analysis was performed using the paraffin embedding technique. To analyze parasitemia curves and the area under the parametric curves, two-way ANOVA test was performed to correlate groups' data. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Higher mortality rates, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, edema, higher parasitemia levels, more amastigote nests, and more severe inflammatory infiltrate were found in higher testosterone concentration mice, whereas in higher estradiol concentration groups, paresia, prostration, edema, and necrosis were found. Conclusions: Our results showed that testosterone increased infection severity, whereas estradiol had the opposite effect. This research improves the understanding of sex hormones´ infuence upon this infection to contribute with the handling of Chagas´ disease.
Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de las hormonas durante la enfermedad de Chagas. Métodos: Se separaron grupos de ratones macho y hembras BALB/c, todos infectados con T. cruzi (cepa NINOA), 4 grupos experimentales de machos (Sham, orquidectamizados, orquidectimezados y suplementados con estradiol, orquidectamizaos y suplementados con testosterona). 4 grupos experimentales de hembras (oforectomizadas, oforectomizadas y suplementadas con estradiol, oforectomizadas y suplementadas con testosterona y sham), and y dos grupos control para cada sexo (sin infección e infectados intraperitonealmente con T. cruzi (cepa NINOA). Los datos clínicos fueron registrados diariamente, la parasitemia fue evaluada durante toda la infección utilizando una cámara de Neubauer y el análisis histopatológico del corazón fue realizada con la técnica de inclusión en parafina. Para el análisis de las curvas de parasitemia y el área bajo la curva, se realizó una prueba de ANOVA de dos vías, p < 0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente diferentes. Resultados: Las mayores tasas de mortalidad, cardiomegalia, hepatomegalia y mayor infiltrado inflamatorio, se encontró en los ratones con una mayor concentración de testosterona. En contraste los ratones con mayor concentración de estradiol presentaron paresia, postración edema y necrosis. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados ponen en manifiesto que la testosterona incrementa la severidad del curso de la enfermedad de Chagas, mientras que el estradiol tuvo el efecto opuesto. Este trabajo mejora el entendimiento del rol que juegan las hormonas sexuales en esta infección para contribuir en un mejor manejo de la enfermedad de Chagas.
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OBJECTIVE: Analyze sex hormone's influence during Chagas´ Disease. METHODS: Male and female BALB/c mice were divided into six groups, four experimental (sham, orchiectomized, orchiectomized and supplemented with estradiol, orchiectomized supplemented with testosterone, oophorectomized, oophorectomized and supplemented with estradiol, and oophorectomized and supplemented with testosterone), and two control (healthy and intraperitoneally with T. cruzi strain NINOA infected). Clinical data were recorded daily, parasitemia was evaluated using a Neubauer chamber during the infection, and heart histopathological analysis was performed using the paraffin embedding technique. To analyze parasitemia curves and the area under the parametric curves, two-way ANOVA test was performed to correlate groups´ data. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Higher mortality rates, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, edema, higher parasitemia levels, more amastigote nests, and more severe inflammatory infiltrate were found in higher testosterone concentration mice, whereas in higher estradiol concentration groups, paresia, prostration, edema, and necrosis were found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that testosterone increased infection severity, whereas estradiol had the opposite effect. This research improves the understanding of sex hormones´infuence upon this infection to contribute with the handling of Chagas´disease.
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Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la enfermedad de Chagas, comparando la vía de inoculación intraperitoneal (i.p.) y la vía oral (v.o.), mediante la ingestión alimentos infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Materiales y métodos: En modelo murino, se comparó la parasitemia en la infección adquirida vía i.p. y vía oral Se formaron dos grupos que fueron inoculados con la cepa NINOA de T. cruzi (3x103); uno se administró v.o. y otro, se administró vía i.p. Además, se realizó un estudio histopatológico del tejido cardiaco de los individuos. Finalmente, se determinó y comparó la respuesta inmune montada como resultado de la inoculación por ambas vías, evaluando la concentración de IgG séricas contra T. cruzi mediante la realización de una ELISA casera. Resultados: El comportamiento de la infección fue diferente en ambas vías de inoculación. A través de los métodos parasitoscópicos e histopatológicos empleados, no fue detectable la infección en aquellos individuos infectados vía oral, interesantemente, la infección sí fue detectable mediante métodos inmunológicos. Aquellos individuos infectados vía oral empleando açaí, tuvieron un comportamiento inmune similar al presentado por aquellos inoculados vía i.p. Conclusiones: El presente estudio demuestra que la vía de infección del hospedero es determinante para la evolución de la enfermedad. Este trabajo proporciona evidencia para que en la práctica clínica, se realice a los individuos más de una prueba diagnóstica, hecho que, ayudará a un mejor manejo de la enfermedad de Chagas.
Abstract: Objective: Determine the behavior of Chagas's disease, comparing the intraperitoneal (i.p.), and the oral (v.o.) administration routes, by the ingestion of T. cruzi-contaminated food. Materials and methods: In mice, parasitemia oral and intraperitoneal acquiring routes were compared. Two groups were inoculated with T. cruzi (3x103) NINOA strain: one orally, and another intraperitoneally. Additionally, a hearth tissue histopathologic analysis was performed. Finally, the immune response triggered by both inoculation routes was determined by a homemade ELISA and compared. Results: The infection behavior was different in each inoculation route. In the orally infected group, infection was undetectable by parasitological, and histopathologic methods; interestingly, infection was detected by immune methods. Orally infected individuals using acai behaved similarly to intraperitoneally inoculated ones. Discussion: The vector and hosts close coexistence promote several infection routes. To improve the diagnosis, disease's course variants knowledge is needed. Conclusion: This study shows that the infection route strongly influences Chagas's disease course. Moreover, this work provides evidence that support the fact of doing more than one diagnostic test, improving the disease management.
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BACKGROUND: There are only two anti-trypanocidal drugs available, both have a lot of side effects. This is the pioneer study designed to evaluate the Arthrospira maxima effect in Trypanosoma cruzi -infected mice and macrophages. METHODS: A. maxima was administered in vivo, and in vitro (120µL/mL; 200 µL/mL; 500 µL/mL; 852 µL/mL) as prophylaxis, and treatment. In vitro, phagocytosis and viability were measured in macrophages cultures supplemented with A. maxima, and T. cruzi-infected. In vivo A. maxima was supplemented to T. cruzi-infected mice in order to obtain the parasitemia curves, parasite amount, and histopathologic changes. This assay was performed in Biological Sciences National School of National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, in 2019. RESULTS: In vivo, A. maxima administration exacerbates the immune innate host's response, followed by mice early death. In vitro, A. maxima supplementation promote T. cruzi- macrophage phagocytosis, but also a sooner T. cruzi- infected macrophage death. CONCLUSION: A. maxima administration overactive the immune system, decreasing the parasitemia, but causing a severe tissue damage. Then, this nutraceutical has a paradoxical effect on intracellular parasitic infections such as Chagas disease.
