Techniques for anatomical preparation of dried viscera and angioarchitecture of cranial mesenteric artery branching of dogs and cats / Técnicas anatômicas de preparação de vísceras secas e de angioarquitetura para visualização da ramificação da artéria mesentérica cranial em cães e gatos

Background: The study of the arterial vascularization of the abdominal cavity viscera is essential on the process of learning anatomy. For authors, various anatomical techniques can be used for the preservation of structures, allowing the exploration and visualization of the organs shape in many different ways. Among the techniques there is the angioarchitecture of viscera, with or without the utilization of formaldehyde. The aim of this paper is to describe a technique for anatomical preparation of the intestines (small and large) of dogs and cats using dried viscera and angioarchitecture, to facilitate the study and visualization of the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries branching.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty pieces of intestine of dogs and two of cats were used. The intestine was removed from the duodenum to the cranial portion of the rectum, the root of the mesentery was sectioned as well as the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. The part was washed, then the caudal and cranial mesenteric and pancreaticoduodenal arteries were ligated, latex was injected in the cranial mesenteric artery and the sample remained immersed in a 10% acetic acid aqueous solution. The cranial portion of the rectum was ligated and, through a cannula into the duodenum, air was insufflated until the viscera were distended. Following that, the part was positioned and fixed, exposed...(AU)

Techniques for anatomical preparation of dried viscera and angioarchitecture of cranial mesenteric artery branching of dogs and cats / Técnicas anatômicas de preparação de vísceras secas e de angioarquitetura para visualização da ramificação da artéria mesentérica cranial em cães e gatos

Background: The study of the arterial vascularization of the abdominal cavity viscera is essential on the process of learning anatomy. For authors, various anatomical techniques can be used for the preservation of structures, allowing the exploration and visualization of the organs shape in many different ways. Among the techniques there is the angioarchitecture of viscera, with or without the utilization of formaldehyde. The aim of this paper is to describe a technique for anatomical preparation of the intestines (small and large) of dogs and cats using dried viscera and angioarchitecture, to facilitate the study and visualization of the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries branching.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty pieces of intestine of dogs and two of cats were used. The intestine was removed from the duodenum to the cranial portion of the rectum, the root of the mesentery was sectioned as well as the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. The part was washed, then the caudal and cranial mesenteric and pancreaticoduodenal arteries were ligated, latex was injected in the cranial mesenteric artery and the sample remained immersed in a 10% acetic acid aqueous solution. The cranial portion of the rectum was ligated and, through a cannula into the duodenum, air was insufflated until the viscera were distended. Following that, the part was positioned and fixed, exposed...

Técnicas anatômicas como método complementar para aprendizado de nefrotomia / Anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualification and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifically anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and filled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidneys were immersed for one hour in running water for latex polymerization. Then, the nephrotomy technique was performed. At each step of the technique, renal structures were observed, incised in a clean and easy way, and each one identified perfectly by color. Discussion: The use of animals in practical classes is still a rule in the most of brazilian universities. Several studies have observed that the teaching of practices, based on alternative techniques instead of vivisection, enabled students to equal or more learning. Virtual reality techniques, handmade devices for training surgical nodes, models for anatomical and physiological study of the ocular and circulatory systems, objects for the practice of venous puncture, artifi cial limbs for surgical practice, models for the practice of microsurgery in small vessels, cylinder with several layers the simulates in every detail a surgical procedure, mannequins, simulators, videos and the use of cadavers and viscera chemically prepared for learning surgical techniques are some of the alternative methods found nowadays. Since it is expected that veterinary medicine students experience real patients, the combination of their acquired knowledge to the practice of complementary methods, helps the student to better understand the technique and facilitates the learning process. When using viscera to help in veterinary surgical technique classes, the students participate more effectively in the classroom, without the stress and fear they face when they first practice with live animals. Furthermore, this alternative allows them to train many times every technique, refining the accuracy, coordination and manual skills, so important for a surgeon. The use of colored latex injected kidneys to simulate nephrotomy proved to be an effective method to complement the training of future surgeons, without loosing teaching quality neither using animals for this purpose.

Persistência da veia cava cranial esquerda em cão / Persistent Left Cranial Vena Cava in a Dog

Background: Persistent left cranial vena cava with absent right cranial vena cava is a rare anomaly. Congenitally persistent left cranial vena cava is the most common variant of the systemic venous return to the heart, embryologically resulting from failure of the anterior cardinal vein in becoming obliterated. Persistent left cranial vena cava is the most common form of anomalous venous drainage involving the cranial vena cava, and represents persistence of the left horn of the embryonic sinus venosus, which normally involutes during normal development, becoming the coronary sinus. Usually, persistent left cranial vena cava enters the right atrium through the orifice of an enlarged coronary sinus. Persistent left cranial vena cava is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular anomaly in dogs, generally coexisting with other more serious cardiac defects. The condition is rare as an isolated single defect. The left cranial vena cava is observed only among domestic mammals, but it is a relatively rare anomaly that can be found in other species, including man, without causing clinical problems. The objective of this study was to report the occurence of a rare vascular formation of the cranial vena cava, which caused the persistence of the left cranial vena cava instead of the right one. Case: At the anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary of the UFGRS, a male dog was identified with a persistent left cranial vena cava and absent right cranial vena cava.[...](AU)

Persistência da veia cava cranial esquerda em cão / Persistent Left Cranial Vena Cava in a Dog

Background: Persistent left cranial vena cava with absent right cranial vena cava is a rare anomaly. Congenitally persistent left cranial vena cava is the most common variant of the systemic venous return to the heart, embryologically resulting from failure of the anterior cardinal vein in becoming obliterated. Persistent left cranial vena cava is the most common form of anomalous venous drainage involving the cranial vena cava, and represents persistence of the left horn of the embryonic sinus venosus, which normally involutes during normal development, becoming the coronary sinus. Usually, persistent left cranial vena cava enters the right atrium through the orifice of an enlarged coronary sinus. Persistent left cranial vena cava is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular anomaly in dogs, generally coexisting with other more serious cardiac defects. The condition is rare as an isolated single defect. The left cranial vena cava is observed only among domestic mammals, but it is a relatively rare anomaly that can be found in other species, including man, without causing clinical problems. The objective of this study was to report the occurence of a rare vascular formation of the cranial vena cava, which caused the persistence of the left cranial vena cava instead of the right one. Case: At the anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary of the UFGRS, a male dog was identified with a persistent left cranial vena cava and absent right cranial vena cava.[...]

A artéria celíaca em Didelphis albiventris (gambá) / The celiac artery in Didelphis albiventris (opossum)

This member of the Didelphidea family, commonly known as opossum, is widely distributed in the American territory, with species found from southern Canada up to northern Argentina. Similarly to all marsupials, they are characterized by a short gestational period, followed by a long development period. Opossums are arboreal, terrestrial slow animals of lonely and nocturnal habits. They are omnivore animals, eating from small rodents, birds, eggs and amphibians to fruits and vegetables. These general characteristics have drawn in the interest and curiosity of the scientific community to this animal, which is now the object of study in several knowledge areas. In order to find morphological information that could assist in discussions from a functional point of view and that could offer support for measures that aim at protecting opossums in their natural environment, the objective of the present study is to divulge the anatomical behavior of their celiac artery and its branches, including its distribution areas, considering the importance of these vessels in the blood supply of several digestive organs.(AU)

A artéria celíaca em Didelphis albiventris (gambá) / The celiac artery in Didelphis albiventris (opossum)

This member of the Didelphidea family, commonly known as opossum, is widely distributed in the American territory, with species found from southern Canada up to northern Argentina. Similarly to all marsupials, they are characterized by a short gestational period, followed by a long development period. Opossums are arboreal, terrestrial slow animals of lonely and nocturnal habits. They are omnivore animals, eating from small rodents, birds, eggs and amphibians to fruits and vegetables. These general characteristics have drawn in the interest and curiosity of the scientific community to this animal, which is now the object of study in several knowledge areas. In order to find morphological information that could assist in discussions from a functional point of view and that could offer support for measures that aim at protecting opossums in their natural environment, the objective of the present study is to divulge the anatomical behavior of their celiac artery and its branches, including its distribution areas, considering the importance of these vessels in the blood supply of several digestive organs.

Origem ectópica da artéria subclávia direita e do tronco bicarotídeo no cão / Ectopic origin of the right subclavian artery and the bicarotid trunk in the dog

O suprimento sangüíneo para a cabeça, pescoço, tórax e membros torácicos dos cães provém da artéria aorta através de dois grandes vasos que surgem do arco aórtico, o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda. O presente trabalho descreve a variação de origem da artéria subclávia direita e do tronco bicarotídeo, que foram observados em 8 cães durante 20 anos de dissecções em aulas de anatomia. Nos oito casos examinados, três artérias surgiram do arco aórtico. O primeiro ramo a emergir foi o tronco bicarotídeo, logo após nasceu a artéria subclávia esquerda e imediatamente a seguir, a artéria subclávia direita. O tronco bicarotídeo surgiu do arco aórtico, lateroventralmente à esquerda da traquéia, dirigindo-se cranialmente e bifurcando-se em nível da primeira costela em artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda. Na seqüência, emerge a artéria subclávia esquerda e imediatamente após, surgindo diretamente do arco aórtico, encontra-se a artéria subclávia direita, que se dirige para a margem cranial da primeira costela, estendendo-se dorsocranialmente para cruzar a linha mediana ao nível da primeira costela, dorsalmente ao esôfago e à traquéia. As artérias subclávia direita e esquerda apresentaram todos os seus ramos sem alterações. Embora o esôfago tenha se apresentado externamente marcado por um sulco, em razão do percurso alterado da artéria subclávia direita, a relativa ausência de dilatação cranial a este e o bom estado nutricional dos animais, nos levaram a supor que o progresso dos alimentos no esôfago não foi afetado significativamente.

Anatomy of the caudal cerebral artery on the surface of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) brain

In this study, we examined the distribution of the caudal cerebral artery on the surface of the capybara brain and determined the territory irrigated by this vessel. A total of 68 brain hemispheres from female and male capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) were injected with Latex 603 or Latex Frasca, stained with red and blue pigments and fixed in twenty per cent formalin. The caudal cerebral artery arose from the terminal branch of the basilar artery rostrally to the rrot of the oculomotor nerve. Immediately after its emergence, the caudal cerebral artery gave off the rostral tectal artery in 27,9 per cent of the specimens and then crossed the cerebral peduncles dorsally to the geneculate bodies and to the pulvinar to give off small perforating branches towards these structures. During its course ober the surface of the hippocampal gyrus, the caudal cerebral artery gave off small hippocampal branches dorsally, the caudal choroidal artery rostrally, and a variable number of cortical braches caudally. The terminal branches of the caudal cerebral artery crossed the splenium of the corpus callosum and were distributed on the caudo-medial surface of the brain hemisphere. The territorial limits of the caudal cerebral artery included the thalamus, the rostral colliculum, part of the caudal colliculum, the caudal face of the pyriform lobe, the tentorial surface, the retrosplenic portion of the medial surface, and a narrow area of the dorso-lateral face of the brain hemisphere, along the margins of the dorso longitudinal and transverse fissures of the brain.

Colaterais do arco aórtico no Gambá (Didelphis albiventris) / Collaterals of the aortic arch in opossun (Didelphis albiventris)

No presente trabalho, foram utilizados 28 espécimes de Didelphis albiventris, 10 fêmeas e 18 machos. Após o preenchimento do sistema arterial com neoprene-látex corado, procedeu-se à dissecçäo para observaçäo da disposiçäo dos colaterais do arco aórtico. Em 11 casos (39,29 por cento), originou-se do tronco braquiocefálico primeiramente a artéria subclávia direita e posteriormente o tronco bicarotídeo o qual fornece as artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda. Em sete preparaçöes (25 por cento), o tronco braquiocefálico trifurcou-se, originando as artérias subclávia direita, carótida comum direita e carótida comum esquerda. Em cinco observaçöes (17,86 por cento), originou-se do tronco braquiocefálico primeiramente a artéria carótida comum esquerda e, logo após, a artéria subclávia direita e a artéria carótida comum direita. Em quatro achados (14,28 por cento), näo houve a formaçäo de um tronco braquiocefálico, primeiramente originou-se a artéria subclávia direita e, a seguir, um tronco bicarotídeo. Em um caso (3,57 por cento), originou-se do tronco braquiocefálico a artéria subclávia direita e a artéria carótida comum direita, sendo a origem da artéria carótida comum esquerda diretamente da aorta. Em todos os casos observados, a artéria subclávia esquerda originou-se diretamente da artéria aorta.

A systematic study of the brain base arteries in capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

Thirty specimens of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris were injected with neoprene latex in order to study the distribution of vessels which compose the vertebro-basilar system and its derived branches in the encephalon. The right and left vertebral arteries anastomosed on the ventral surface of the encephalon to form the basilar artery, which gave rise to the caudal cerebellar (left and right, double and single) and middle cerebellar (both antimeres, single and double) s collaterals. The basilar artery splits into right and left terminal branches which gave rise to a series of arteries which included the rostral cerebellar arteries (right antimere, double and single; left antimere, double, single and triple), the caudal cerebral arteries (double, single and triple in both antimeres), the internal ophthalmic arteries (single in both antimeres), and the middle cerebral artery (single in the right antimere in all specimens and single and double in the left antimere). The ending branches of the terminal branches of the basilar artery were the rostral cerebral arteries (single or absent in both antimeres) with a rostral communicating artery (single or absent) between them. The arterial circle was derived solely from the vertebro-basilar system, since internal carotid arteries were absent in adults. The circle was closed rostrally in 90 percent of the specimens and open in 10 percent. In all cases, there was anastomosis of the circle with maxillary artery.