The scope of empowerment for conservation and communities.

Conservationists increasingly position conservation that is mutually beneficial to people and biodiversity on the promise of empowerment of people through participatory discourse, metrics, processes, and outcomes. Empowerment represents multidimensional concepts and theories that permeate the interlinking levels of power, from the psychological to the political, and social scales in which conservation operates. The multifaceted nature of empowerment makes it challenging to understand, pursue, and evaluate as a central philosophical commitment and goal-oriented practice in conservation. Moreover, definitional and methodological uncertainty may disempower interested and affected groups because they can foster conceptual assumptions that reinforce institutionalized barriers to systemic changes. Despite these complexities, there are no targeted reviews of empowerment in conservation. We conducted a scoping review of the conservation literature to synthesize the meanings and uses of empowerment in the field. We reviewed 121 of the most cited conservation articles that invoked or assessed empowerment from 1992 to 2017 to document geographic, conceptual, and methodological trends in the scales and theories of empowerment deployed by conservationists. Research claiming or assessing empowerment through conservation often focused on communities in the Global South. Most studies relied on qualitative and mixed methods (78%) collected largely from male or non-Indigenous participants. Few studies (30%) defined the 20 types of empowerment they referenced. Fewer studies (3%) applied empowerment theories in their work. Our findings show that empowerment discourse of local and Indigenous communities permeates the discourse of people-centered conservation. Yet, overreliance on empowerment's rhetorical promise and minimal engagement with theory (e.g., postcolonial theory) risks disempowering people by obscuring empowerment's foundational value to conservation and communities and oversimplifying the complex realities of people-centered conservation. Lasting change could come from more meaningful engagement with empowerment, including coproducing definitions and measures with and for disempowered social groups to tackle widespread power disparities in conservation today.

El alcance del empoderamiento para la conservación y las comunidades Resumen Con frecuencia los conservacionistas posicionan a la conservación como benéfica para las personas y la biodiversidad mediante discursos, medidas, procesos y resultados participativos que prometen el empoderamiento de la gente. El empoderamiento representa conceptos y teorías multidimensionales que permean los niveles interconectados de poder, desde el psicológico al político, y las escalas sociales en las que opera la conservación. La naturaleza multifacética del empoderamiento complica que se entienda, se dé seguimiento y se evalúe como un compromiso filosófico central y una práctica orientada hacia las metas dentro de la conservación. Además, la incertidumbre metodológica y de definición pueden restar autoridad a los grupos interesados o afectados pues pueden promover suposiciones conceptuales que refuerzan las barreras institucionales de los cambios sistémicos. A pesar de estas complejidades, no existen revisiones focalizadas del empoderamiento en la conservación. Realizamos una revisión de alcance de la literatura de conservación para sintetizar los significados y usos de la palabra empoderamiento en este campo. Revisamos 121 de los artículos sobre conservación más citados que invocaron o evaluaron el empoderamiento entre 1992 y 2017 para documentar las tendencias geográficas, conceptuales y metodológicas en las escalas y teorías del empoderamiento usadas por los conservacionistas. La mayoría de los artículos que afirmaban o evaluaban el empoderamiento por medio de la conservación se enfocaron en comunidades del Sur Global. La mayoría de los estudios dependieron de métodos cualitativos y mixtos (78%) tomados principalmente de participantes masculinos o no indígenas. Pocos estudios (30%) definieron los 20 tipos de empoderamiento que referenciaron. Todavía menos estudios (3%) aplicaron las teorías de empoderamiento a su trabajo. Nuestros descubrimientos muestran que el discurso de empoderamiento de las comunidades locales e indígenas permea el discurso de la conservación centrada en la gente. Sin embargo, depender en exceso de la promesa retórica del empoderamiento e involucrarse en lo mínimo con la teoría (p. ej.: teoría postcolonial) arriesga que la gente se pierda autoridad al oscurecer el valor fundamental que tiene el empoderamiento para la conservación y las comunidades y simplificar sobremanera las realidades complejas de la conservación centrada en las personas. El cambio duradero podría venir de involucrarse de forma más significativa con el empoderamiento, lo que incluye la coproducción de definiciones y medidas con y para los grupos sociales no empoderados para resolver la disparidad de poder que existe hoy en día en la conservación.

Protective effects of casein-derived peptide VLPVPQK against hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction and cellular oxidative damage in rat osteoblastic cells.

Oxidative stress inhibits osteoblast differentiation and function that lead to the development of osteoporosis. Casein-derived peptide VLPVPQK (PEP), a potent antioxidant, was isolated from ß-casein of buffalo milk. We used an in vitro oxidative stress model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in rat osteoblastic cells to investigate the protective effects of PEP against H2O2-induced dysfunction and oxidative damage. Cells were pretreated with PEP (50-200 ng/mL) for 2, 7 or 21 days followed by 0.3 mM H2O2 treatment for 24 h and then markers of osteogenic development, oxidative damage and apoptosis were examined. PEP significantly increased the viability and differentiation markers of osteoblast cells such as alkaline phosphatase and calcium mineralization. Moreover, PEP suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and ameliorated H2O2-induced reduction in glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. In addition, PEP partially inhibited caspase-9 and-3 activities and reduced propidium iodide-positive cells. Altogether, our results demonstrated that PEP could protect rat osteoblast against H2O2-induced dysfunction and oxidative damage by reduction of ROS production, lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus, our data suggest that PEP might be a valuable protective agent against oxidative stress-related diseases such as osteoporosis.

Hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial trauma surgery: indications and early experience.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Reconstruction of the nonstress-bearing portions of the craniofacial skeleton has recently utilized several alloplastic compounds. One such recent compound is hydroxyapatite cement (HAC)--a calcium-phosphate-based product. Its chemical structure consists primarily of calcium phosphate, as does human bone, and this similarity in the mineral structure renders it biocompatible. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Based on clinical indications for HAC, the authors have classified acquired craniofacial defects into four types. This article presents 5 clinical cases with craniofacial fractures, sustained in various accidents, in which hydroxyapatite cement was used to prevent cranial deformities or to reinstate contour. RESULTS AND/OR CONCLUSIONS: Complications were encountered in some of these cases, but all patients healed without any secondary complications. While the short-term experience using hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial trauma surgery has been favorable, long-term studies in humans are required to validate the safety and efficacy of this product.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the ciliary body with silicon naphthalocyanine (SINc) in rabbits.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate silicone naphthalocyanine (SINc; 0.5 mg/kg) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the ciliary body in pigmented rabbits. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: SINc was dissolved in canola oil by heating, emulsified with Tween-80, and given by ear vein. Pharmacokinetics were studied in frozen sections by fluorescence microscopy using a CCD camera-based, low light detection system with digital image processing at 1 hr and 24 hr (12 rabbits, 24 eyes total). A Ti:Sapphire laser delivered light at 770 nm by contact fiberoptic (1,000 microns; 80 mW/cm2;20,40 and 80 J/cm2). Controls (5 rabbits), received laser light at 770 nm without SINc. For comparison, eyes received continuous wave Nd:YAG laser by fiberoptic contact (0.8-1.2 J). RESULTS: Localization studies showed intravascular distribution shifting to a ciliary body distribution at 24 hr. PDT at 1 hr and 24 hr postinjection showed a more selective destruction of the ciliary body at 24 hr. Ciliary processes treated at 24 hr showed infarction and marked edema with sparing of iris. Tissue thermal damage was minimal in PDT controls. Eyes treated with the Nd:YAG laser exhibited full-thickness thermal necrosis of iris, ciliary processes, and a fibrinous iridocyclitis. In contrast, eyes treated by PDT were quiet with thrombosis of superficial blood vessels. CONCLUSION: Tissue photon penetration is good at 770 nm and thermal effects from the exciting laser alone were minimal. The ciliary processes of pigmented rabbits exhibit a selective retention of SINc and on that basis can be selectively destroyed with a minimum on thermal damage to nontarget tissues.

Photodynamic therapy of ocular melanoma with bis silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE: To investigate bis (tri-n-hexylsiloxy) silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine (SINc; 0.5 mg/kg) for photodynamic therapy of an experimental ocular melanoma in pigmented rabbits. METHODS: SINc was dissolved in canola oil by heating, emulsified with Tween 80, and administered by ear vein. Pharmacokinetics were studied in frozen tumor sections by fluorescence microscopy using a charge coupled device, camera-based, low-light detection system with digital image processing at 1 and 24 hours. A Ti:sapphire laser and a microlens were used to deliver the light (770 nm; 40 mW/cm2; 20 J/cm2). A control rabbit received light without SINc. RESULTS: Localization studies of SINc showed intravascular distribution shifting to a tumor stromal and perivascular distribution 24 hours after treatment. Tissue thermal damage after irradiation was minimal in the control. Exudative retinal detachments were not observed. Tumor destruction was observed, with sharp demarcation to a depth of 3.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor light penetration was good at 770 nm, and thermal effects from the exciting light alone were minimal. Photodynamic therapy with SINc resulted in localized tumor destruction reflecting the light beam path without damage to adjacent tissue or intraocular complications.

Patients with chronic hepatitis--potential risks when undergoing dental surgery: review and case report.

This is a case report of a 17-year-old male patient with chronic autoimmune active hepatitis (CAAH) who was referred to our clinic for dental treatment prior to his undergoing liver transplant surgery. Coagulation problems and the implications of long-term corticosteroid usage in patients with chronic hepatitis are presented. Differences in the etiology, histology, clinical features, laboratory findings, treatment, and prognosis are reviewed for the three separate but related forms of chronic hepatitis--persistent, lobular, and active hepatitis.

The importance of asepsis in dental implantology.

All surgical procedures, including dental implantation, involve certain risk factors. One of the most common is that of postoperative infection. The harsh realities of today's medical environment such as the threat of blood-borne pathogens and transmittable infections, the increased cost of hospitalization, and the increase in malpractice suites against surgeons, make it imperative that all surgeons follow safe and sterile surgical protocols that reduce the chances of infections and ensure satisfactory results.

Radial and angular moment invariants for image identification.

Radial and angular moments of images are presented and methods are shown for deriving moment functions that are invariant with respect to rotation, translation, reflection, and size changes without the aid of the theory of algebraic invariants. Hu's invariants are expressed in terms of these radial and angular moments and it is claimed that this facilitates visual inspection of invariance properties.

Constrained least-squares image restoration: an improved computational scheme.

In this short paper we present an improved computational technique to solve the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind which arises in image restoration and other inverse filtering applications. The technique is based on the works of Phillips, Twomey, and Hunt. We show that when the integral represents a convolution, the integral equation can be solved iteratively with each iteration requiring O(n) operations, where n is the number of sample points or observations. When there are p iterations to find the final solution to the integral equation, the present technique is approximately (1 + p/4) times faster than the implementation suggested by Hunt. In image processing application areas where p has been observed to be between 3 and 12, the technique can reduce computation by a factor of 2 to 4.