Relationship between dental fluorosis and I.Q of school going children aged 10-12 years in and around Nalgonda district-A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The fluoride ion toxicity has been associated with both dental fluorosis and neurotoxicity; dental fluorosis has tended to be considered with respect to tooth appearance and function rather than as a marker for neurotoxicity. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the intelligence quotient (IQ) of school-going children aged 10-12 years in villages of Nalgonda district with different fluoride levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the permanent residents of Nalgonda district of Telangana state, India. A total of 480 government schoolchildren aged 10-12 years were selected by stratified random sampling from three different areas with different levels of naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water. Intelligence levels were assessed by conducting the Ravens standard progressive matrices test (1991 edition). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t-test, and Krustal-Wallis ANOVA. A logistic regression model was performed (SPSS version; 21(IBM corporation, Chicago,IL, USA)). RESULTS: The mean IQ levels were more in the villages with low fluoride concentration in drinking water (15.26) compared to villages with medium fluoride content (12.91) and high fluoride content (9.1). A significant statistical association was found (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The overall IQ levels in children exposed to high fluoride level significantly lower than the low fluoride areas. Thus, children intelligence can be affected by high water fluoride levels.

Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among Hemophilic Children in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the dental caries stratus and treatment needs of hemophilic children with that of healthy and normal children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 subjects with age ranging from 7-16 years attending and registering their names, residential address, parental occupation, and other criteria in Hemophilic Society at the Telangana state. The oral hygiene status was recorded by using oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S). Teeth affected by dental caries and teeth restored/extracted as sequale of dental caries were assessed using decayed, missed, filled tooth (DEFT) and DMFT for primary and permanent dentition, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed by means of SPSS, version 21.0, and the Chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The mean oral hygiene index simplified scores were 1.28 in 7-9 years and 1.87 in 13-16 years, respectively. The mean DMFT + DEFT of 7-9 years was 4.76 and for 13-16 years was 3.11 highest mean DMFT + DEFT 4.76 was recorded in the 7-9 years age group. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that oral hygiene status of hemophilic children was poor and treatment requirement was high among hemophilic children. The overall prevalence of dental caries was 73.3% and the treatment needs were 93.90%. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Reddy KS, Reddy NV, et al. Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among Hemophilic Children in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(1):30-32.

A histopathological comparison of pulpal response to formocresol and sodium hypochlorite used as pulpotomy medicaments: In primary teeth - A clinical trialA histopathological comparison of pulpal response to formocresol and sodium hypochlorite used as pulpotomy medicaments: In primary teeth - A clinical trial.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare formocresol (FC) and 5% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as pulpotomy medicaments and to assess the histological features of both pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, pulpotomies were performed on 60 primary molars in 55 children aged 5-8 years. The teeth were divided into two groups NaOCl and FC were placed on the canal orifices, respectively, and crowns were restored with intermediate restorative material and glass ionomer cement. The teeth were underwent a histopathological procedure and extracted after 6 months. The Histological samples were evaluated in relation to odontoblastic integrity, pulp calcification, dentin bridge formation, and presence of pulp stone. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to inflammatory response, soft-tissue organization, and dentin bridge formation (P > 0.005). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study Sodium hypochlorite may be a suitable medicament for conducting pulpotomy in primary teeth.

Effects of distraction using virtual reality technology on pain perception and anxiety levels in children during pulp therapy of primary molars.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of using virtual reality (VR) eyeglasses on severity of pain and anxiety during pulp therapy in pediatric patients considering childhood anxiety-related disorders as an important confounding factor in the dental setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 children aged between 4 and 8 years with no previous anxiety disorder were randomly divided into two groups. The study consisted of three consecutive treatment sessions. The two groups received pulp therapy with and without VR eyeglasses in a randomized single-blind-controlled crossover fashion. Then, at the end of each session, the patients' pain severity was assessed using Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale and state anxiety was measured by Faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale [MCDAS]. Changes in pulse oximeter and heart rate were recorded in every 10 min. The values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: The study shows a significant decrease in pain perception (P < 0.001) and state anxiety scores (P < 0.001) with the use of VR eyeglasses during dental treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide an initial encouraging for the use of VR device during dental treatment by pediatric dentists, but additional empirical research is required.

Effect of Enamel Deproteinization in Primary Teeth.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the topographical features of enamel surface, etched with different materials. STUDY DESIGN: 10 extracted human primary molars were randomly selected and cut and trimmed to 1 mm2. Each group comprised of 10 blocks and the enamel was treated as follows: Group I-35% H3PO4; Group II-5.25% NaOCl + 35% H3PO4 ;Group III-5.25% NaOCl; Group IV no treatment was carried out. All the samples were prepared for Scanning electron microscope analysis. The images were obtained and evaluated for the quality type I-II etching of the enamel surface using Auto-CAD 2011 software. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test (p<0.001). RESULTS: The mean surface area of type I and II etching pattern values for Group- I was 39608.18 µm2 and Group- II was 45051.34 µm2. CONCLUSION: Deproteinization with 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite prior to acid etching could be used to increase the surface area of adhesion of composite material with the tooth surface.

Evaluation of Microhardness of Residual Dentin in Primary Molars Following Caries Removal with Conventional and Chemomechanical Techniques: An In vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Many patients consider removal of caries to be a very unpleasant experience. Removal of caries with conventional drill is considered traumatic mainly due to fear and anxiety of children and their parents. Minimally invasive dentistry adopts a philosophy that integrates prevention, remineralization, and minimal intervention for the placement and replacement of restorations, thus reaching the treatment objective using the least invasive surgical approach, with the removal of the minimal amount of healthy tissues. Chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) is a method for minimally invasive, gentle dentin caries removal based on biological principles which is an effective alternative to the traditional method. The present study was done to compare the microhardness of sound dentin before and after carious removal using a chemomechanical method and a conventional method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present in vitro study was done on 28 proximal surfaces of fourteen extracted primary molars (with active caries on one proximal surface and sound side as control). The study was done to assess the Knoop microhardness of remaining dentinal surface after caries removal using a slow speed conventional bur and a chemomechanical method (Carie-Care™). Results and. CONCLUSION: The rotary instrument group showed a consistent microhardness value with not much difference according to depth. The chemomechanical group showed a lesser microhardness value closer to the cavity floor than away from it. The microhardness values at all depths were significantly different for each treatment group with an increased value seen in the rotary group. The mean microhardness values of residual dentin in treated side were found to be insignificant when compared among each interval in each group. The microhardness of sound dentin had high significant difference from that of residual dentin in both the rotary group and the chemomechanical group.

Estimation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, total protein content and total antioxidant capacity in relation to dental caries severity, age and gender.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, calcium, total protein content and total antioxidant capacity in relation to dental caries, age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 120 healthy children aged 7-15 years that was further divided into two groups: 7-10 years and 11-15 years. In this 60 children with DMFS/dfs = 0 and 60 children with DMFS/dfs ≥5 were included. The subjects were divided into two groups; Group A: Children with DMFS/dfs = 0 (caries-free) Group B: Children with DMFS/dfs ≥5 (caries active). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all groups. Flow rates were determined, and samples analyzed for pH, buffer capacity, calcium, total protein and total antioxidant status. Salivary antioxidant activity is measured with spectrophotometer by an adaptation of 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) assays. RESULTS: The mean difference of the two groups; caries-free and caries active were proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) for salivary calcium, total protein and total antioxidant level for both the sexes in the age group 7-10 years and for the age 11-15 years the mean difference of the two groups were proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) for salivary calcium level for both the sexes. Salivary total protein and total antioxidant level were proved to be statistically significant for male children only. CONCLUSIONS: In general, total protein and total antioxidants in saliva were increased with caries activity. Calcium content of saliva was found to be more in caries-free group and increased with age.

Antioxidant mix: A novel pulpotomy medicament: A scanning electron microscopy evaluation.

AIM: This study aims to evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and histological success rate of antioxidant mix as a new pulpotomy agent for primary teeth. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Commercially available antioxidants, namely Antioxidants plus trace elements (OXIn-Xt(tm), India) were used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was carried out on 36 primary molar teeth in 32 children, with age that ranged from 6 to 9 years. Regular conventional pulpotomy procedure followed by placement of antioxidant mix over the radicular orifice was done. Recall was scheduled for 3, 6, and 9 months, respectively, after treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-six pulpotomized primary molars were available for follow-up evaluations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of samples showing convex shaped hard tissue barrier formation may be proof of the role of antioxidant material in localization and direction and morphology of the hard tissue barrier. One tooth which presented with pain was assessed as unsuccessful. CONCLUSION: Quite promising clinical, radiographic, and histological results of antioxidants in the present study shows their potential to be an ideal pulpotomy agent.

Effect of dental treatments on salivary immunoglobulin A of children with and without dental caries: a comparative study.

AIM: To evaluate and compare the effect of dental treatment on the salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels of children with and without dental caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 30 children, among which 15 had caries and the other 15 were without caries. Salivary sample collection was done for all the children before dental treatment, and for the children with caries, the sampling was repeated 3-4 weeks after the dental treatment. The salivary IgA quantitation was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using Human IgA ELISA Quantitation kit, and the results were statistically analyzed by independent sample "t" test. RESULTS: The salivary IgA level was significantly more in children with caries (13.07 ± 1.55 mg/100 ml) than in caries-free children (11.90 ± 1.58 mg/100 ml) in the pre-treatment phase. The salivary IgA level in children with caries was 13.52 ± 1.68 mg/100 ml in the post-treatment phase and it was not statistically different from the pre-treatment value. CONCLUSION: Mere quantitation of salivary IgA levels might have no reflection on the functional antibodies involved in caries process, and successful dental treatment alone does not alter the salivary IgA levels, suggesting a multifaceted approach to combat the cariogenic challenge.

Acquired acid resistance of human enamel treated with laser (Er:YAG laser and Co2 laser) and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment: An in vitro atomic emission spectrometry analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is essentially a process of diffusion and dissolution. If the aspect of dissolution can be curtailed some degree of prevention can be achieved. AIMS: The present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the effect of Er:YAG laser and Co2 laser irradiation combined with acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment on in vitro acid resistance of human enamel. DESIGN: An in vitro study was carried out on 30 human premolars to evaluate the enamel's acid resistance using an atomic emission spectrometry analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 enamel specimens were prepared from 30 human premolars and were randomly assigned to 6 groups: (1) Untreated (control); (2) 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel application alone for 4 min; (3) Er:YAG laser treatment alone; (4) Co2 laser treatment alone; (5) Er:YAG laser + APF gel application; (6) Co2 laser + APF gel application. The specimens were then individually immersed in 5 ml of acetate buffer solution (0.1 mol/L, pH 4.5) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and the acid resistance was evaluated by determining the calcium ion concentration using the atomic emission spectrometry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: An ANOVA model was constructed (P value of 0.05), followed by Tukey's test for multiple pair wise comparisons of mean values. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the control group and the test groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Combining acidulated phosphate fluoride with either Er:YAG or Co2 laser had a synergistic effect in decreasing the enamel demineralization more than either fluoride treatment or laser treatment alone.

Associated oral lesions in human immunodefeciency virus infected children of age 1 to 14 years in anti retroviral therapy centers in Tamil Nadu.

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of oral lesions status in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children of age 1 to 14 years in Anti Retro viral therapy (ART) centres in Tamil Nadu. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A of total 326 HIV infected children, age 1 to 14 years of which 174 male children and 152 female children were examined for Oral lesions in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University in association with the ART centers in Villupuram, Vellore and HIV Homes in Thiruvannamalai, Trichy and Salem in Tamil Nadu towns. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows (version 11 code: 3000135939012345). RESULT: Of the total 326 children, 201 (61.65%) had oral lesions. (68 [20.86%] with Oral Candidiasis [OC], 54 [16.56%] with Angular Cheilitis, 27 [8.28%] with Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis [NUG], 25 [7.66%] with Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis [NUP], 18 [5.53%] with Linear Gingival Erythema [LGE] and 9 [2.76%] with Apthous Ulcer.) Conclusion Among the oral lesions in HIV infected children, OC 20.86% was the predominant oral lesion followed by Angular Chelitis 16.56%, NUG 8.28%, NUP 7.66%, LGE5.53% and Apthous Ulcer 2.76%.

Assessment and comparison of microleakage of a fluoride-releasing sealant after acid etching and Er: YAG laser treatment - An in vitro study.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare the microleakage of a pit and fissure sealant after etching and Er:YAG laser treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty non-carious premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were equally divided into two groups. Samples in Group- I were treated with 37% phosphoric acid. Samples in Group II were irradiated with Er: YAG laser at 400 mJ at 4 Hz. Sealant was placed and light cured. Then, the samples were subjected to thermocycling. The samples were then immersed in 1% methylene blue. The samples were sectioned and examined under stereomicroscope at ×10 magnification. RESULTS: Acid etched samples showed significantly less microleakage when compared to laser etching and it was statistically significant (P<0.01).

Self-injurious behavior and foreign body entrapment in the root canal of a mandibular lateral incisor.

Self-injurious behavior is a deliberate alteration or damage without suicidal intent. Herein, we report a patient who had caused intentionally self-trauma to his left lower permanent canine and placed a long metallic foreign body into the root canal. History revealed a habit of placing metallic objects in the form of stapler pins into the mouth, but closer examination revealed the habit to be more as a method of self-injurious behavior. Following an episode of severe pain, the tooth was endodontically treated after removal of the foreign body that was corroding. Clinical significance of the case report is that the patient may just be put off as having a habit of inserting foreign objects into the mouth, but the behavior was more self-injurious in nature.

Pierre robin sequence and the pediatric dentist.

This article on the dental management of a neonate with Pierre Robin sequence describes the clinical and laboratory procedures for construction of a feeding plate due to the presence of a cleft palate. Emphasis has also been laid on a few literatures to describe medical complications associated with this condition. A 56-day-old neonate had been referred to the outpatient department with the complaint of difficulty in feeding, description, and management of which has been described in the case report.

The relationship between salivary IgA levels and dental caries in children.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to find the relationship between salivary IgA (s-IgA) levels and dental caries in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 children in the age group of 8 to 12 years were selected and divided into two groups. Group I with DMFT score 0 and Group II with DMFT score ≥3. The whole unstimulated s-IgA levels were estimated using ELISA method. RESULTS: Whole s-IgA levels were significantly higher in group II with DMFT score ≥3 as compared with group I with DMFT score 0. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in s-IgA levels in caries-active mouth to give protection mechanism against dental caries and the Streptococcus mutans which are active in caries-active mouth. The s-IgA antibodies can play an important role in control of dental caries.

The relationship of two orthodontic indices, with perceptions of aesthetics, function, speech and orthodontic treatment need.

PURPOSE: The study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) with subjective perceptions of dental aesthetics, function, speech and orthodontic treatment need. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional study. The children were assessed using the DAI and IOTN. A questionnaire pertaining to dental aesthetics and function was recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The aesthetic components of the indices correlated well with aesthetic perceptions of patients, whereas functional components did not have a significant correlation with functional perceptions. The two indices could be used consistently in the present population.