Sagnac interferometric multipass loop amplifier.

We propose and investigate experimentally an interferometrically stable, polarization-selective pulse multiplexing scheme for direct laser amplification of picosecond pulses. The basic building block of this scheme is a Sagnac loop which allows for a straightforward scaling of the pulse-multiplexing scheme. Switching the amplifier from single-pulse amplification to burst mode increases extraction efficiency, reduces parasitic non-linearities in the gain medium and allows for higher output energies. Time-frequency analysis of the amplified output pulses demonstrates the viability of this approach.

In vitro effects of meloxicam with or without doxorubicin on canine osteosarcoma cells.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, already widely used to reduce fever, inflammation and pain, are under increasing consideration as potential agents for the prevention and treatment of neoplasia. As COX-2 was detected in human and canine osteosarcomas, we have evaluated the effect of the preferential COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam on an established D-17 canine osteosarcoma cell line, which expressed, as well as COX-1 and COX-2 also COX-3 (as demonstrated by Western blot). An XTT proliferation kit was used to assess surviving cells after drug treatment. At low concentrations (1, 2, 4 and 10 microm) meloxicam caused an increase in cell numbers while a marked anti-proliferative effect was observed at higher concentrations (100, 200 microm) after 3 days and also 3 weeks of incubation. The chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin showed a cytotoxic effect at all concentrations (60-1920 nm). Exposure of tumour cells to combinations of meloxicam and doxorubicin revealed synergistic effects (with 240 nm doxorubicin), as well as sub-additive and antagonistic results, especially if combined with concentrations of meloxicam typically found in serum. Care should be taken in concluding, on the basis of one in vitro study, that meloxicam does not have a role in the treatment of canine osteosarcomas given that the results from in vivo studies may differ.

Attosecond metrology.

The generation of ultrashort pulses is a key to exploring the dynamic behaviour of matter on ever-shorter timescales. Recent developments have pushed the duration of laser pulses close to its natural limit-the wave cycle, which lasts somewhat longer than one femtosecond (1 fs = 10-15 s) in the visible spectral range. Time-resolved measurements with these pulses are able to trace dynamics of molecular structure, but fail to capture electronic processes occurring on an attosecond (1 as = 10-18 s) timescale. Here we trace electronic dynamics with a time resolution of

X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier.

Single soft-x-ray pulses of approximately 90-electron volt (eV) photon energy are produced by high-order harmonic generation with 7-femtosecond (fs), 770-nanometer (1.6 eV) laser pulses and are characterized by photoionizing krypton in the presence of the driver laser pulse. By detecting photoelectrons ejected perpendicularly to the laser polarization, broadening of the photoelectron spectrum due to absorption and emission of laser photons is suppressed, permitting the observation of a laser-induced downshift of the energy spectrum with sub-laser-cycle resolution in a cross correlation measurement. We measure isolated x-ray pulses of 1.8 (+0.7/-1.2) fs in duration, which are shorter than the oscillation cycle of the driving laser light (2.6 fs). Our techniques for generation and measurement offer sub-femtosecond resolution over a wide range of x-ray wavelengths, paving the way to experimental attosecond science. Tracing atomic processes evolving faster than the exciting light field is within reach.

Single-shot measurement of terahertz electromagnetic pulses by use of electro-optic sampling.

We demonstrate a simple scheme for capturing the temporal waveforms of a freely propagating terahertz electromagnetic transient in a single shot. The method relies on electro-optic sampling in a noncollinear geometry for the terahertz radiation and the visible probe beam, coupled with multichannel detection. The approach provides time resolution that is comparable to that of conventional electro-optic sampling measurements.

Laser amplification using axicon reflectors.

The amplification behavior of a laser pumped cylindrical dye cell located within an axicon reflector has been studied. Compared with a conventional, transversely pumped rectangular amplifying dye cuvette, the axicon shows similar high gain and enhanced beam quality as a result of its radially symmetric excitation geometry. This latter property was experimentally confirmed by a 30% reduction of the divergence of a seed beam after amplification and by increased second harmonic generation conversion efficiency.

Enhancement of surface second harmonic generation with waveguides.

A waveguide structure is proposed that can enhance the second harmonic generation in surface layers by 5 orders of magnitude. Phase matching is achieved by a grating structure in the waveguide. The waveguide could be made in quartz through doping.

Device for improving ultrasonic transit time measurements with standard pulse echo equipment.

A simple and inexpensive device is described which in conjunction with conventional pulse echo equipment allows the direct measurement of the time interval between the zeros of selected individual cycles in different echoes with an accuracy better than 0.2 ns.