Diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Microbiological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection

El presente documento intenta reflejar y actualizar las principales tareas y cometidos que un laboratorio de microbiología debería tener para realizar el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes infectados por el VIH. Se distribuye en 3 apartados: en el primero se trata el diagnóstico serológico, que en los últimos años ha sufrido una importante renovación, y en el que hemos procurado adecuarnos a las demandas diagnósticas y epidemiológicas actuales, para que desde los laboratorios podamos contribuir a no perder oportunidades de diagnóstico. En una segunda parte se describe la determinación de la carga viral plasmática, y se hace una exhaustiva revisión de los avances tecnológicos y de las recomendaciones actuales, además de abordar un tema de enorme interés clínico, la significación de la viremia persistente de bajo grado. Finalmente, en el tercer apartado se desarrolla el tema de las resistencias a los fármacos antirretrovirales tanto en pacientesnaive como en fracaso, analizando la transcriptasa reversa, la proteasa y la integrasa, e incorporando como novedades las técnicas de determinación del tropismo viral, y el papel de las variantes minoritarias

This document attempts to update the main tasks and roles of the Clinical Microbiology laboratory in HIV diagnosis and monitoring. The document is divided into three parts. The first deals with HIV diagnosis and how serological testing has changed in the last few years, aiming to improve diagnosis and to minimize missed opportunities for diagnosis. Technological improvements for HIV Viral Load are shown in the second part of the document, which also includes a detailed description of the clinical significance of low-level and very low-level viremia. Finally, the third part of the document deals with resistance to antiretroviral drugs, incorporating clinical indications for integrase and tropism testing, as well as the latest knowledge on minority variants

[Microbiological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection]. / Diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

This document attempts to update the main tasks and roles of the Clinical Microbiology laboratory in HIV diagnosis and monitoring. The document is divided into three parts. The first deals with HIV diagnosis and how serological testing has changed in the last few years, aiming to improve diagnosis and to minimize missed opportunities for diagnosis. Technological improvements for HIV Viral Load are shown in the second part of the document, which also includes a detailed description of the clinical significance of low-level and very low-level viremia. Finally, the third part of the document deals with resistance to antiretroviral drugs, incorporating clinical indications for integrase and tropism testing, as well as the latest knowledge on minority variants.

[Enterovirus 75, a new pathogenic virus in Granada province (Spain)]. / Enterovirus 75, un nuevo virus patógeno en nuestro medio.

INTRODUCTION: Members of the genus Enterovirus are usually investigated for their etiological role in neurological syndromes. However, they are often associated with other syndromes such as febrile illness, acute respiratory infection and exanthema. In this study, clinical and epidemiological data from five subjects with infection by the recently described enterovirus 75 were analyzed in the province of Granada (Spain). METHODS: Diagnosis at the genus level was carried out by viral culture in MRC-5 and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Isolate serotypes were determined by RT-PCR of a fragment of the VP1 region and subsequent sequencing of the PCR products. RESULTS: Among the five enterovirus 75 isolated, two were detected in children with aseptic meningitis (1 month and 12 years old) and three in subjects with non-neurological syndromes, i.e. acute respiratory infection, febrile illness and gastroenteritis (all were aged less than one year). The five cases were detected between December 2005 and May 2006. All patients recovered without sequelae. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that enterovirus 75 circulates in the south of Spain and indicate that this enterovirus serotype may be implicated in less severe non-neurological syndromes, particularly in younger children, and mainly during the cold months of the year.

Enterovirus 75, un nuevo virus patógeno en nuestro medio / Enterovirus 75, a new pathogenic virus in Granada province (Spain)

Introducción. Los miembros del género Enterovirus generalmente se investigan por su papel etiológico en procesos neurológicos. Sin embargo, a menudo se han asociado a otros síndromes, como síndrome febril, infección respiratoria aguda y enfermedad exantemática. En este trabajo hemos analizado los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de 5 casos de infección causada por el recientemente descrito enterovirus 75 en la provincia de Granada. Métodos. El diagnóstico a nivel de género se realizó por cultivo viral en líneas celulares MRC-5 y rabdomiosarcoma (RD). El serotipo de los aislados se determinó mediante retrotranscripción-PCR (RT-PCR) de un fragmento de la región de la proteína viral 1 (VP1) y posterior secuenciación de los productos de PCR. Resultados. De los cinco enterovirus 75 aislados, 2 se detectaron en niños con meningitis aséptica (de 1 mes y 12 años de edad), y 3 en sujetos con procesos no neurológicos, que fueron infección respiratoria aguda, síndrome febril y gastroenteritis (todos menores de 1 año). Los 5 casos se detectaron entre diciembre de 2005 y mayo de 2006. Todos los pacientes se recuperaron sin secuelas. Conclusión. Estos datos demuestran la circulación de enterovirus 75 en el sur de España, e indican que este serotipo puede estar implicado en procesos no neurológicos menos graves, especialmente en niños pequeños, y sobre todo, durante los meses fríos del año (AU)

Introduction. Members of the genus Enterovirus are usually investigated for their etiological role in neurological syndromes. However, they are often associated with other syndromes such as febrile illness, acute respiratory infection and exanthema. In this study, clinical and epidemiological data from five subjects with infection by the recently described enterovirus 75 were analyzed in the province of Granada (Spain). Methods. Diagnosis at the genus level was carried out by viral culture in MRC-5 and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Isolate serotypes were determined by RT-PCR of a fragment of the VP1 region and subsequent sequencing of the PCR products. Results. Among the five enterovirus 75 isolated, two were detected in children with aseptic meningitis (1 month and 12 years old) and three in subjects with non-neurological syndromes, i.e. acute respiratory infection, febrile illness and gastroenteritis (all were aged less than one year). The five cases were detected between December 2005 and May 2006. All patients recovered without sequelae. Conclusion. These data demonstrate that enterovirus 75 circulates in the south of Spain and indicate that this enterovirus serotype may be implicated in less severe non-neurological syndromes, particularly in younger children, and mainly during the cold months of the year (AU)