Pulmonary surfactant: ultrastructural features and putative mechanisms of aging.

Pulmonary surfactant is essential for maintaining lung function. In the present study we attempted to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying changes in surfactant in old age. We examined the ultrastructure of surfactant-producing lamellar bodies of the alveolar epithelial cells and of extracellular tubular myelin unfolding from the lamellar bodies in the lungs of two contrasting age-groups of rats: young, 2-3 months old and senescent, 26 months old. The study also focused on the plausible role of surfactant protein insufficiency in the process of surfactant aging. To this end, puromycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, was used in vivo in young rats (12 mg/100 g body weight, i.p.) and its effects on surfactant ultrastructure were compared with the surfactant status in senescent rats. Lungs were rapidly dissected after being perfused with a mixture of aldehyde fixative and the tissue was subjected to the routine transmission electron microscopic procedures. Electronograms of the senescent lungs show that the alveolar epithelial lining layer and the lamellar bodies of type II cells, producing surfactant, displayed profound degenerative alterations. No regularly shaped myelin-tubular mesh, so characteristic of young lungs, could be recognized in the old ones. The aqueous, protein-containing hypophase of the alveolar epithelial lining, consisting of myelin tubules, no longer formed a solid layer integrated with the plasma membrane of type II cells. The effects of puromycin-induced inhibition of protein synthesis on the alveolar lining layers in the young lungs were reminiscent of the picture seen in the untreated aged lungs. The similarity of surfactant changes after puromycin to those present in senescent lungs is suggestive of the possible role of decaying surfactant proteins in the natural process of surfactant aging. We conclude that protein deficiency possibly developing in old age may underlie surfactant degradation which may impact lung function in old age.

Respiratory responses to acute intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia in awake rats.

This article deals with the recognition of early changes in the breathing pattern, in response to acute intermittent stimuli in awake rats. Two different types of stimuli were given: 9% hypoxia in N(2) and 10% hypercapnia in O(2). Animals were exposed to 3 consecutive cycles consisting of 3-min stimulus period separated by 8-min normoxic recovery intervals. Features of the breathing pattern, such as respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, inspiration and expiration times, peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, were measured by whole body plethysmography. The data were analyzed with the use of pattern recognition methods. We conclude that the overall respiratory changes were rather slight. However, computerized analysis using a k-nearest neighbor decision rule (k-NN) allowed for a good recognition of the respiratory responses to the stimuli. The misclassification rate (E(r)) varied from 5 to 10%. After feature selection, E(r) decreased below 1%. The k-NN classifier differentiated correctly also the type of intermittent stimulus. Our experimental results demonstrate usefulness of pattern recognition algorithms in studying respiratory effects in biological models.