Exposure to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency modulates calcitonin-dependent activity and HSP-90 protein in parafollicular cells of rat thyroid gland.

In this study we analyzed the response of parafollicular cells in rat thyroid gland after exposure to radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz using a subthermal experimental diathermy model. Forty-two Sprague Dawley rats, divided into two groups of 21 rats each, were individually exposed at 0 (control), 3 or 12 W in a Gigahertz Transverse Electro-Magnetic (GTEM) chamber for 30 min. After radiation, we used simple or fluorescence immunohistochemistry to measure calcitonin cells or cellular stress levels, indicated by the presence hyperplasia of parafollicular cells, heat shock protein (HSP) 90. Immunomarking of calcitonin-positive cells was statistically significant higher in the thyroid tissue of rats exposed to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency and cell hyperplasia appeared 90 min after radiation at the SAR levels studied. At the same time, co-localized expression of HSP-90 and calcitonin in parafollicular cells was statistically significant attenuated 90 min after radiation and remained statistically significantly low 24 h after radiation, even though parafollicular cell levels normalized. These facts indicate that subthermal radiofrequency (RF) at 2.45 GHz constitutes a negative external stress stimulus that alters the activity and homeostasis of parafollicular cells in the rat thyroid gland. However, further research is needed to determine if there is toxic action in human C cells.

Complicaciones psiquiátricas y cognitivas de la estimulación subtalámica en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Psychiatric and cognitive complications arising from subthalamic stimulation in parkinson’s disease

Introducción y desarrollo. La estimulación subtalámica esuna opción terapéutica para los casos de enfermedad de Parkinsonavanzada. En algunos pacientes tratados con esta técnica se handescrito alteraciones psiquiátricas o cognitivas. La edad y la largaevolución de la enfermedad son dos factores de riesgo importantespara la aparición de estos problemas. Así, se han descrito casos dedepresión, apatía, manía y psicosis. La cirugía puede empeorar elsíndrome de adicción a la levodopa que se ve en ocasiones. Por elcontrario, esta técnica suele mejorar los trastornos del sueño. Sobrela esfera cognitiva, se ha constatado un empeoramiento de la fluenciaverbal, y en los pacientes mayores de 69 años, un empeoramientode las funciones ejecutivas. Las causas de estos trastornos suelenser variadas y se han atribuido a la acción de la estimulación sobreáreas próximas al núcleo subtalámico, a la existencia de problemascognitivos o psiquiátricos previos, a expectativas poco realistas sobreesta técnica o a la incapacidad de adaptarse a la situación funcionaltras cirugía. Conclusión. Aunque estas alteraciones en generalno suelen ser graves, se deben tener en cuenta para poder indicarun tratamiento adecuado

Introduction and development. Subthalamic stimulation is a therapeutic option that can be used to treat advancedcases of Parkinson’s disease. However, psychiatric or cognitive disorders have been reported in some patients treated usingthis technique. Age and a long disease history are two important risk factors for the appearance of these problems. Thecomplications that have been reported include cases of depression, apathy, manias and psychosis. Surgery can also exacerbatethe syndrome of addiction to levodopa that is sometimes observed. In contrast, sleep disorders usually improve with thistechnique. As far as the cognitive sphere is concerned, verbal fluency has been seen to deteriorate and the executive functionsbecome impaired in patients over 69 years of age. These disorders are usually due to a number of different causes and havebeen attributed to the action of stimulating areas close to the subthalamic nucleus, to the presence of previously existingcognitive or psychiatric problems, to unrealistic expectations about this technique or to the individual’s inability to adapt tothe functional situation after surgery. Conclusions. Although generally speaking these disorders are not usually serious, theymust be borne in mind so that adequate treatment can be indicated