RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To systematically assess the current available literature concerning advanced optical imaging methods for the detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer (BCa), focusing particularly on the sensitivity and specificity of these techniques. METHODS: First a scoping search was performed to identify all available optical techniques for BCa detection and diagnosis. The optical imaging techniques used for detecting BCa are: the Storz professional image enhancement system (IMAGE1 S), narrow-band imaging (NBI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), autofluorescence imaging (AFI), photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), and scanning fibre endoscopy (SFE). The staging and grading techniques for BCa are: optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), Raman spectroscopy, endocytoscopy, and non-linear optical microscopy (NLO). Then a systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to 21 November 2023. Articles were screened and selected by two independent reviewers. Inclusion criteria were: reporting on both the sensitivity and specificity of a particular technique and comparison to histopathology, and in the case of a detection technique comparison to white light cystoscopy (WLC). RESULTS: Out of 6707 articles, 189 underwent full-text review, resulting in 52 inclusions. No articles met criteria for IMAGE1 S, PAI, SFE, Raman spectroscopy, and endocytoscopy. All detection techniques showed higher sensitivity than WLC, with NBI leading (87.8-100%). Overall, detection technique specificity was comparable to WLC, with PDD being most specific (23.3-100%). CLE and OCT varied in sensitivity and specificity, with OCT showing higher specificity for BCa diagnosis, notably for carcinoma in situ (97-99%) compared to CLE (62.5-81.3%). NLO demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity (90-97% and 77-100%, respectively) based on limited data from two small ex vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS: Optical techniques with the most potential are PDD for detecting and OCT for staging and grading BCa. Further research is crucial to validate their integration into routine practice and explore the value of other imaging techniques.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between low fetal fraction (FF) in prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing and adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of participants of the TRIDENT-2 study (Dutch nationwide government-supported study offering cfDNA screening for fetal aneuploidies) who received a failed test result due to low FF (<4%) between April 2017 until February 2018. Outcome measures included pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), pre-eclampsia (PE), small for gestational age neonates (SGA), spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), chromosomal aberrations, and congenital structural anomalies. RESULTS: Test failure due to low FF occurred in 295 women (1.12% of tests performed). Information regarding pregnancy outcomes was available for 96.3% of these women. The incidence of PIH, PE, SGA, sPTB, and GDM was 11.2%, 4.1%, 7.3%, 5.1%, and 14.8%, respectively. The prevalence of chromosomal aberrations and congenital structural anomalies was 1.4% and 4.1%, respectively. Incidences of PIH, PE ≥ 34 weeks of gestation, GDM, and prevalence of aneuploidy and congenital structural anomalies were higher in women with low FF compared to the general Dutch obstetric population. CONCLUSION: Low FF is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The value of FF in the prediction of these outcomes needs to be further established.
