Triglyceride/glucose index is a reliable alternative marker for insulin resistance in South American overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Background The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the triglyceride/glucose index (TyG index) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Additionally, we compared the ability of the TyG index and triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) index and the combination of these two indices (TyG index plus TG/HDL-c) to predict insulin resistance (IR) in South American overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 345 overweight adolescents aged 10-18 years, from both the sexes. The TyG index was calculated as Ln (fasting triglycerides [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL])/2, while the TG/HDL-c index was calculated by the division of TG (mg/dL) by HDL-c (mg/dL). HOMA-IR was calculated with the formula: fasting insulin (FI) (U/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5. The cut-off point used to determine the presence of IR was HOMA-IR ≥ 3.16. Results The TyG index showed a positive correlation with HOMA-IR. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the TyG index was 0.74, indicating good sensitivity (75.7%) and specificity (67.4%). Furthermore, the TyG index cut-off point of >4.44 was established for IR prediction in this population. Conclusions The TyG index is a simple and cost-effective surrogate marker of IR in South American overweight children and adolescents. Moreover, due to its good accessibility, it can be used in large epidemiological studies.

Prevalence of metabolically healthy obese phenotype and associated factors in South American overweight adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype and associated factors in South American adolescents who are overweight. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 340 overweight adolescent boys and girls between 10 and 18 y of age. The participants were classified as MHO according to two definitions: absence of any metabolic syndrome component and absence of insulin resistance (IR). The MHO phenotype-associated factors analyzed were age, sex, nutritional status, waist circumference (WC), body composition, metabolic profile, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of MHO using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of MHO in South American overweight adolescents was 49.4% and 55.9% according to MS and IR criteria, respectively. Sex and WC were predictors of the MHO phenotype, considering MS classification criterion. For the IR criterion, age, WC, and triacylglycerol levels were independent predictors of MHO in adolescents. Cardiorespiratory fitness did not predict MHO phenotype in any of the criteria used. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MHO in South American overweight adolescents was high and varied according to the definition used. Age, sex, WC, and triacylglycerolslevel were independent predictors of the MHO phenotype in this population.

Prevalence of weight excess in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review / Prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide, no mattering age groups and socioeconomic status. In Brazil, it is still unclear the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents, since most Brazilian studies have only verified regional prevalence of obesity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the scientific production regarding the prevalence of weight excess in Brazilian children and adolescents. A search in the relevant electronic databases Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scielo and BVS was performed. After analyzing 61 studies, the overall prevalence was 25.5%. When sample was stratified weight excess degree, a prevalence of 17% and 11.6% for overweight and obesity were observed, respectively. Analyzing differences by sex, boys presented higher prevalence of overall weight excess (e.g., 26.4% vs 23.5%), overweight (17% vs 16%) and obesity (11.9% vs 9.1%) than girls. With respect to Brazilian regions and its differences, individuals from southern presented the highest prevalence of overall weight excess (33.2%) and overweight (20.1%). The southeastern region showed the highest prevalence of obesity (18.2%). The results obtained in the current study indicate that Brazil presents a scenario of crescent increasing on the prevalence of weight excess. These results are in accordance with studies from other countries, and reinforce the increase of the overall weight excess prevalence in Brazilian children and adolescents, highlighting the increasing of obesity rates, since it is a more concerning condition than overweight. Therefore, preventive measures to reduce weight excess increase, as well as treatment programs aiming to tackle obesity in childhood should be public health system top priority.

Resumo A prevalência da obesidade tem aumentado em todo o mundo em todas as faixas etárias e níveis socioeconômicos. No Brasil, ainda é incerto a prevalência de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes devido a maioria dos estudos serem de características regionais.Portanto,o propósito do presente estudo foi analisar a produção científica referente à prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, WEB of Science, LILACS, Scielo e BVS.Foram analisados 61 estudos, sendo identificado 17% de sobrepeso e 11,6% de obesidade.As prevalências de excesso de peso (26,4% vs 23,5%), sobrepeso (17% vs 16%) e obesidade (11,9% vs 9,1%) foram maiores entre os meninos comparados as meninas, respectivamente. As crianças e os adolescentes da Região Sul apresentaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso (33,2%) e sobrepeso (20,1%), e as do Sudeste maior prevalência de obesidade (18,2%). Nossa análise indicou que o Brasil apresenta um quadro de prevalência crescente de excesso de peso, similar ao de outros países.Os resultados reforçam o aumento da prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, especialmente pelo aumento da obesidade, que é considerada uma condição mais grave que o sobrepeso. Portanto, medidas preventivas para diminuir esta tendência de aumento do excesso de peso, bem como programas de tratamento da obesidade na infância e adolescência deve ser prioridade do Sistema único de Saúde (SUS).

Índice de adiposidade visceral como preditor de risco cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes / Visceral adiposity index as a predictor of cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents / Índice de adiposidad visceral como predictor del riesgo cardiometabólico en niños y adolescentes

RESUMO Introdução: O risco cardiometabólico está associado a diversos fatores, entre os quais, o estado nutricional tem papel destacado. Objetivos: Este estudo verificou a influência do estado nutricional sobre o Índice de Adiposidade Visceral (VAI, do inglês) e seus componentes em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo descritivo-associativo, de caráter transversal, realizado com 290 sujeitos de 10 a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram avaliados estatura, massa corporal, IMC, HDL-c, TG e VAI. Realizaram-se os testes Shapiro-Wilk, teste t de Student independente, U de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA One-Way, Kruskal-Wallis, Post Hoc de Bonferroni, Correlação de Pearson e cálculo da razão de chances (odds ratio). A significância adotada foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: Os testes demonstraram haver diferenças significativas entre os sexos para a idade, HDL-c e VAI. Nas variáveis HDL-c, TG e VAI foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os adolescentes eutróficos e as demais classificações do estado nutricional. Verificou-se também uma piora das variáveis utilizadas para o cálculo do VAI para os adolescentes com classificação do estado nutricional alterado (não eutróficos), indicando, portanto, maior risco cardiometabólico associado ao excesso de peso. Verificou-se forte correlação entre o VAI e o TG (0,865) e correlação moderada negativa entre VAI e HDL-c (-0,405). Após o odds ratio, constatou-se que os participantes com excesso de peso e CC alterada, respectivamente, apresentaram 2,3 e 1,5 vezes mais chance de risco cardiometabólico (VAI alterado). Conclusões: O estado nutricional é capaz de influenciar as variáveis de risco cardiometabólico, VAI, CC, TG e HDL-c em crianças e adolescentes. Nesta população, independente do sexo, à medida que o valor do IMC se eleva, há progressão de alterações metabólicas. Em complemento, o VAI apresentou uma correlação significativa com TG, HDL-c, IMC e CC das crianças e adolescentes do estudo, podendo assim ser visto como alternativa de predição do risco cardiometabólico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The cardiometabolic risk is associated with several factors, among which nutritional status plays a prominent role. Objectives: This study verified the influence of nutritional status on the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and its components in children and adolescents. Methods: Descriptive, associative, cross-sectional study performed with a sample of 290 individuals from 10 to 18 years of age of both sexes. We assessed height, body mass, BMI, HDL-c, TG, and VAI. The following tests were used: Shapiro-Wilk, independent Student t test, Mann-Whitney U-test, ANOVA One-Way, Kruskal-Wallis, Bonferroni post hoc test, Pearson Correlation and odds ratio. The significance level was established at p<0.05. Results: The tests showed significant differences between the sexes for age, HDL-c, and VAI. Concerning the variables HDL-c, TG and VAI, significant differences were observed among the eutrophic adolescents and the other classifications of nutritional status. There was also a worsening of the variables used to calculate VAI for adolescents with altered nutritional status (non-eutrophic), indicating a higher cardiometabolic risk associated with overweight There was a strong correlation between VAI and TG (0.865) and moderate negative correlation between VAI and HDL-c (-0.405). After the odds ratio calculation, it was found that participants with overweight and altered WC, respectively presented 2.3 and 1.5 times more chance of cardiometabolic risk (altered VAI). Conclusions: The nutritional status is capable of influence the variables of cardiometabolic VAI, WC, TG, and HDL-c in children and adolescents. In this population, regardless of sex, as the BMI increases, there is a progression of metabolic changes. In addition, VAI index showed a significant correlation with TG, HDL-c, BMI, and WC of the children and adolescents in the study, which could be seen as an alternative to predict metabolic risk.

RESUMEN Introducción: El riesgo cardiometabólico se asocia con varios factores, incluyendo el estado nutricional, que tiene un papel importante. Objetivos: Este estudio examinó la influencia del estado nutricional sobre el Índice de Adiposi-dad Visceral (VAI, del inglés) y sus componentes en niños y adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo-asociativo, de carácter transversal, realizado con 290 sujetos de 10 a 18 años, de ambos sexos. Se evaluó la altura, la masa corporal, IMC, HDL-c, TG y VAI. Fueron realizadas las pruebas Shapiro-Wilk, prueba t de Student independiente, prueba U de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA One-Way, Kruskal-Wallis, prueba post hoc de Bonferroni, Correlación de Pearson y cálculo de la razón de posibilidades (odds ratio). La significación adoptada fue de p < 0,05. Resultados: Las pruebas demostra-ron diferencias significativas entre los sexos para la edad, HDL-c y VAI. En las variables HDL-c, TG y VAI se constataron diferencias significativas entre los adolescentes eutróficos y las otras clasificaciones del estado nutricional. También hubo un empeoramiento de las variables utilizadas para el cálculo del VAI para los adolescentes con clasificación de estado nutricional alterado (no eutróficos), lo que indica un mayor riesgo cardiometabólico asociado con el exceso de peso. Hubo una fuerte correlación entre VAI e TG (0,865) y correlación negativa moderada entre VAI y HDL-c (-0,405). Después del cálculo de la razón de posibilidades se encontró que los participantes con sobrepeso y CC alterada, respectivamente, presentaron 2,3 y 1,5 veces más probabilidades de riesgo cardiometabólico (VAI alterado). Conclusiones: El estado nutricional puede influir en las variables de riesgo cardiometabólico, VAI, CC, TG y HDL-c en niños y adolescentes. En esta población, independientemente del sexo, cuando el valor del IMC se eleva, hay progresión de los cambios metabólicos. Además, el VAI mostró una correlación significativa con TG, HDL-c, IMC y CC de los niños y adolescentes del estudio y, por lo tanto, se puede considerar como un predictor alternativo de riesgos cardiometabólicos.