Watch out for the healthy trap! How food flavor influences healthiness evaluations and consumption.

Flavors are extensively used in food products to attract consumers, driving purchases successfully. But how do these flavors influence consumers' calorie estimation and healthiness evaluation? In a series of four behavioral experiments, we formally examine the effect of flavor information on consumer food healthiness evaluations and behavioral responses. We find that when a base food contains a healthy flavor (vs. unhealthy flavor), consumers perceive the food to be lower (vs. higher) in calories and healthier and are more likely to purchase such flavored food. In addition, such flavor-healthiness evaluation effect as a heuristic is attenuated when consumers are aware of this effect, and the indirect effect of calorie estimation on purchase intention is magnified among consumers with high dieting tendency. These findings shed light on how flavor information shapes consumers' responses to flavored food, contribute to food consumption-related literature, and provide practical implications for consumers and policymakers.

Liposome-based measurement of light-driven chloride transport kinetics of halorhodopsin.

We report a simple and direct fluorimetric vesicle-based method for measuring the transport rate of the light-driven ions pumps as specifically applied to the chloride pump, halorhodopsin, from Natronomonas pharaonis (pHR). Previous measurements were cell-based and methods to determine average single channel permeability challenging. We used a water-in-oil emulsion method for directional pHR reconstitution into two different types of vesicles: lipid vesicles and asymmetric lipid-block copolymer vesicles. We then used stopped-flow experiments combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to determine per protein Cl- transport rates. We obtained a Cl- transport rate of 442 (±17.7) Cl-/protein/s in egg phosphatidyl choline (PC) lipid vesicles and 413 (±26) Cl-/protein/s in hybrid block copolymer/lipid (BCP/PC) vesicles with polybutadine-polyethylene oxide (PB12PEO8) on the outer leaflet and PC in the inner leaflet at a photon flux of 1450 photons/protein/s. Normalizing to a per photon basis, this corresponds to 0.30 (±0.07) Cl-/photon and 0.28 (±0.04) Cl-/photon for pure PC and BCP/PC hybrid vesicles respectively, both of which are in agreement with recently reported turnover of ~500 Cl-/protein/s from flash photolysis experiments and with voltage-clamp measurements of 0.35 (±0.16) Cl-/photon in pHR-expressing oocytes as well as with a pHR quantum efficiency of ~30%.

Antibody disulfide bond reduction and recovery during biopharmaceutical process development-A review.

Antibody disulfide bond reduction has been a challenging issue in monoclonal antibody manufacturing. It could lead to a decrease of product purity and failure to meet the targeted product profile and/or specifications. More importantly, disulfide bond reduction could also impact drug safety and efficacy. Scientists across the industry have been examining the root causes and developing mitigation strategies to address the challenge. In recent years, with the development of high titer mammalian cell culture processes to meet the rapidly growing demand for antibody biopharmaceuticals, disulfide bond reduction has been observed more frequently. Thus, it is necessary to continue evolving the disulfide reduction mitigation strategies and developing novel approaches to maintain high product quality. Additionally, in recent years as more complex molecules (such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies) emerge, the molecular heterogeneity due to incomplete formation of the interchain disulfide bonds becomes a more imperative challenging issue. Given the disulfide reduction challenges that biotech industry is facing, in this review, we provide a comprehensive scientific summary of the root cause analysis of disulfide reduction during process development of antibody therapeutics, mitigation strategies and its potential remediated recovery based on published papers. First, this paper intends to highlight different aspects of the root cause for disulfide reduction. Secondly, to provide a broader understanding of the disulfide bond reduction in downstream process, this paper discusses disulfide bond reduction impact on product stability, associated analytical methods for disulfide bond reduction detection and characterization, process control strategies as well as their manufacturing implementation. In addition, brief perspectives on the development of future mitigation strategies are also reviewed, including platform alignment, mitigation strategy application for the emerging new modalities such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies as well as using machine learning to identify molecule susceptibility of disulfide bond reduction. The data in this review are originated from the published papers.

On-column disulfide bond formation of monoclonal antibodies during Protein A chromatography eliminates low molecular weight species and rescues reduced antibodies.

Disulfide bond reduction, which commonly occurs during monoclonal antibody (mAb) manufacturing processes, can result in a drug substance with high levels of low molecular weight (LMW) species that may fail release specifications because the drug's safety and the efficiency may be affected by the presence of this material. We previously studied disulfide reoxidation of mAbs and demonstrated that disulfide bonds could be reformed from the reduced antibody via redox reactions under an optimal redox condition on Protein A resin. The study here implements a redox system in a manufacturing setting to rescue the reduced mAb product and to further eliminate LMW issues in downstream processing. As such, we incorporate the optimized redox system as one of the wash buffers in Protein A chromatography to enable an on-column disulfide reoxidation to form intact antibody in vitro. Studies at laboratory scale (1 cm (ID) x 20 cm (Height), MabSelect SuRe LX) and pilot scale (30 cm (ID) x 20 cm (Height), MabSelect SuRe LX) were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of disulfide formation with multiple mAbs using redox wash on Protein A columns. By applying this rescue strategy using ≤50 g/L-resin loading, the intact mAb purity was improved from <5% in the Protein A column load to >90% in the Protein A column elution with a product yield of >90%. Studies were also done to confirm that adding the redox wash has no negative impact on process yield or impurity removal or product quality. The rescued mAbs were confirmed to form complete interchain disulfide bonds, exhibiting comparable biophysical properties to the reference material. Furthermore, since the redox wash is followed by a bridging buffer wash before the final elution, no additional burden is involved in removing the redox components during the downstream steps. Due to its ease of implementation, significant product purity improvement, and minimal impact on other product quality attributes, we demonstrate that the on-column reoxidation using a redox system is a powerful, simple, and safe tool to recover reduced mAb during manufacturing. Moreover, the apparent benefits of using a high-pH redox wash may further drive the evolution of Protein A platform processes.

Optimization and kinetic modeling of interchain disulfide bond reoxidation of monoclonal antibodies in bioprocesses.

Disulfide bonds play a crucial role in folding and structural stabilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Disulfide bond reduction may happen during the mAb manufacturing process, resulting in low molecular weight species and possible failure to meet product specifications. Although many mitigation strategies have been developed to prevent disulfide reduction, to the best of our knowledge, reforming disulfide bonds from the reduced antibody in manufacturing has not previously been reported. Here, we explored a novel rescue strategy in the downstream process to repair the broken disulfide bonds via in-vitro redox reactions on Protein A resin. Redox conditions including redox pair (cysteine/cystine ratio), pH, temperature, and reaction time were examined to achieve high antibody purity and a high reaction rate. Under the optimal redox condition, >90% reduced antibody could be reoxidized to form an intact antibody on Protein A resin in an hour. In addition, this study showed high flexibility on the range of the intact mAb fraction in the initial reduced mAb sample (the lower limit of intact mAb faction could be 14% based on the data reported in this study). Furthermore, a kinetic model based on elementary oxidative reactions was constructed to help optimize the reoxidation conditions and to predict product purity. Together, the deep understanding of interchain disulfide bond reoxidation, combined with the predictive kinetic model, provided a good foundation to implement a rescue strategy to generate high-purity antibodies with substantial cost savings in manufacturing processes.

Rapid fabrication of precise high-throughput filters from membrane protein nanosheets.

Biological membranes are ideal for separations as they provide high permeability while maintaining high solute selectivity due to the presence of specialized membrane protein (MP) channels. However, successful integration of MPs into manufactured membranes has remained a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate a two-hour organic solvent method to develop 2D crystals and nanosheets of highly packed pore-forming MPs in block copolymers (BCPs). We then integrate these hybrid materials into scalable MP-BCP biomimetic membranes. These MP-BCP nanosheet membranes maintain the molecular selectivity of the three types of ß-barrel MP channels used, with pore sizes of 0.8 nm, 1.3 nm, and 1.5 nm. These biomimetic membranes demonstrate water permeability that is 20-1,000 times greater than that of commercial membranes and 1.5-45 times greater than that of the latest research membranes with comparable molecular exclusion ratings. This approach could provide high performance alternatives in the challenging sub-nanometre to few-nanometre size range.

PoreDesigner for tuning solute selectivity in a robust and highly permeable outer membrane pore.

Monodispersed angstrom-size pores embedded in a suitable matrix are promising for highly selective membrane-based separations. They can provide substantial energy savings in water treatment and small molecule bioseparations. Such pores present as membrane proteins (chiefly aquaporin-based) are commonplace in biological membranes but difficult to implement in synthetic industrial membranes and have modest selectivity without tunable selectivity. Here we present PoreDesigner, a design workflow to redesign the robust beta-barrel Outer Membrane Protein F as a scaffold to access three specific pore designs that exclude solutes larger than sucrose (>360 Da), glucose (>180 Da), and salt (>58 Da) respectively. PoreDesigner also enables us to design any specified pore size (spanning 3-10 Å), engineer its pore profile, and chemistry. These redesigned pores may be ideal for conducting sub-nm aqueous separations with permeabilities exceeding those of classical biological water channels, aquaporins, by more than an order of magnitude at over 10 billion water molecules per channel per second.

Publisher Correction: Achieving high permeability and enhanced selectivity for Angstrom-scale separations using artificial water channel membranes.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Woochul Song, which was incorrectly given as Woochul C. Song. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Light-Driven Chloride Transport Kinetics of Halorhodopsin.

Despite growing interest in light-driven ion pumps for use in optogenetics, current estimates of their transport rates span two orders of magnitude due to challenges in measuring slow transport processes and determining protein concentration and/or orientation in membranes in vitro. In this study, we report, to our knowledge, the first direct quantitative measurement of light-driven Cl- transport rates of the anion pump halorohodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR). We used light-interfaced voltage clamp measurements on NpHR-expressing oocytes to obtain a transport rate of 219 (± 98) Cl-/protein/s for a photon flux of 630 photons/protein/s. The measurement is consistent with the literature-reported quantum efficiency of ∼30% for NpHR, i.e., 0.3 isomerizations per photon absorbed. To reconcile our measurements with an earlier-reported 20 ms rate-limiting step, or 35 turnovers/protein/s, we conducted, to our knowledge, novel consecutive single-turnover flash experiments that demonstrate that under continuous illumination, NpHR bypasses this step in the photocycle.

Achieving high permeability and enhanced selectivity for Angstrom-scale separations using artificial water channel membranes.

Synthetic polymer membranes, critical to diverse energy-efficient separations, are subject to permeability-selectivity trade-offs that decrease their overall efficacy. These trade-offs are due to structural variations (e.g., broad pore size distributions) in both nonporous membranes used for Angstrom-scale separations and porous membranes used for nano to micron-scale separations. Biological membranes utilize well-defined Angstrom-scale pores to provide exceptional transport properties and can be used as inspiration to overcome this trade-off. Here, we present a comprehensive demonstration of such a bioinspired approach based on pillar[5]arene artificial water channels, resulting in artificial water channel-based block copolymer membranes. These membranes have a sharp selectivity profile with a molecular weight cutoff of ~ 500 Da, a size range challenging to achieve with current membranes, while achieving a large improvement in permeability (~65 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 compared with 4-7 L m-2 h-1 bar-1) over similarly rated commercial membranes.

Membrane Protein Insertion into and Compatibility with Biomimetic Membranes.

Membrane protein and membrane protein-mimic functionalized materials are rapidly gaining interest across a wide range of applications, including drug screening, DNA sequencing, drug delivery, sensors, water desalination, and bioelectronics. In these applications, material performance is highly dependent on activity-per-protein and protein packing density in bilayer and bilayer-like structures collectively known as biomimetic membranes. However, a clear understanding of, and accurate tools to study these properties of biomimetic membranes does not exist. This paper presents methods to evaluate membrane protein compatibility with biomimetic membrane materials. The methods utilized provide average single protein activity, and for the first time, provide experimentally quantifiable measures of the chemical and physical compatibility between proteins (and their mimics) and membrane materials. Water transport proteins, rhodopsins, and artificial water channels are reconstituted into the full range of current biomimetic membrane matrices to evaluate the proposed platform. Compatibility measurement results show that both biological and artificial water channels tested largely preserve their single protein water transport rates in biomimetic membranes, while their reconstitution density is variable, leading to different overall membrane permeabilities. It is also shown that membrane protein insertion efficiency inversely correlates with both chemical and physical hydrophobicity mismatch between membrane protein and the membrane matrix.