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2.
Environ Sci Technol ; 55(12): 7869-7879, 2021 06 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34096723

RESUMO

Accurate estimation of black carbon (BC) emissions is essential for assessing the health and climate impact of this pollutant. Past emission inventories were associated with high uncertainty due to data limitations, and recent information has provided a unique updating opportunity. Moreover, understanding the drivers that cause temporal emission changes is of research value. Here, we update the global BC emission estimates using new data on the activities and emission factors (EFs). The new inventory covers 73 detailed sources at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution from 1960 to 2017. The estimated annual emissions were 32% higher than the average of several previous inventories, which was primarily due to field-measured EFs for residential stoves and differentiated EFs for motor vehicles. In addition, the updated emissions show an inverse U-shaped temporal trend, which was mainly driven by the interaction between the positive effects of population growth, per capita energy consumption, and vehicle fleet and the negative effects of residential energy switching, stove upgrading, phasing out of beehive coke ovens, and reduced EFs for vehicles and industrial processes. Urbanization caused a significant increase in urban emissions accompanied by a more significant decline in rural emissions.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Utensílios Domésticos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Carbono , Monitoramento Ambiental , Veículos Automotores , Fuligem/análise , Emissões de Veículos/análise
3.
Environ Sci Technol ; 54(21): 13458-13466, 2020 Nov 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33095991

RESUMO

Residential heating using solid fuels contributes significantly to air pollution and has subsequent health impacts in China. To mitigate emissions, a clean heating campaign (CHC-1) covering 28 municipalities has been implemented. Although only a single penetration rate was initially planned by CHC-1 for all municipalities, outcomes in the different municipalities varied considerably. Recently, a second phase (CHC-2) has been launched for the remaining 128 municipalities in northern China with once again a fixed penetration rate set. Here, we quantified factors that affected the penetration rates of CHC-1, developed an intervention scheme with differentiated targets for CHC-2, and compared the environmental and health benefits of the fixed- and differentiated-rate strategies. We found that the penetration rates of CHC-1 depended on per capita income, terrain slope, and population density and that such relationships could be quantified using a piecewise regression model. This model was applied to develop a differentiated-rate strategy for CHC-2. It clearly evidenced that a differentiated scheme would be more environmentally beneficial. Although the same number of rural households can achieve clean heating under both intervention scenarios, the proposed differentiated strategy can prevent 30 000 (23 000-34 000) premature deaths associated with residential heating annually compared to the 26 000 (21 000-31 000) premature deaths prevented under the fixed-rate scheme. Differences among gender and age groups and the effects of urbanization and aging are also discussed.

4.
Environ Sci Technol ; 54(11): 6508-6517, 2020 06 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32379431

RESUMO

The presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air is a global concern because of its severe environmental and public health impacts. Recent evidence from satellite observations shows rapid changes in the spatial distribution of global SO2 emissions, but such features are generally missing in global emission inventories that use a bottom-up method due to the lack of up-to-date information, especially in developing countries. Here, we rely on the latest data available on emission activities, control measures, and emission factors to estimate global SO2 emissions for the period 1960-2014 on a 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution. We design two counterfactual scenarios to isolate the contributions of emission activity growth and control measure deployment on historical SO2 emission changes. We find that activity growth has been the major factor driving global SO2 emission changes overall, but control measure deployment is playing an increasingly important role. With effective control measures deployed in developed countries, the predominant emission contributor has shifted from developed countries in the early 1960s (61%) to developing countries at present (83%). Developing countries show divergency in mitigation strategies and thus in SO2 emission trends. Stringent controls in China are driving the recent decline in global emissions. A further reduction in SO2 emissions would come from a large number of developing nations that currently lack effective SO2 emission controls.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , China , Monitoramento Ambiental , Dióxido de Enxofre/análise
5.
Biomed Environ Sci ; 30(10): 772-776, 2017 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29122099

RESUMO

To establish a genetic susceptibility assessment model of lung cancer risk potentially associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) inhalation exposure among non-smokers in China, a total of 143 patients with lung adenocarcinoma and 143 cancer-free individuals were recruited. Sixty-eight genetic polymorphisms in 10 pathways related to PAH metabolism and tumorigenesis were selected and examined. It was observed that 3 genetic polymorphisms, along with 10 additional genetic polymorphisms via gene-gene interactions, significantly influenced lung cancer risk potentially associated with PAH inhalation exposure. Most polymorphisms were associated with PAH metabolism. According to the established genetic susceptibility score (GSS), lung cancer risk increased with a rise in the GSS level, thereby indicating a positive dose-response relationship.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/induzido quimicamente , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neoplasias Pulmonares/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , China , Humanos , Exposição por Inalação , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia
6.
Environ Pollut ; 227: 1-7, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28448823

RESUMO

Indoor air pollution is an important environmental factor that contributes to the burden of various diseases. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with telomere shortening. However, the association between chronic indoor air pollution from household fuel combustion and leukocyte telomere length has not been studied. In our study, 137 cancer-free non-smokers were recruited. Their exposure levels to indoor air pollution from 1985 to 2014 were assessed using a face-to-face interview questionnaire, and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was measured using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method. Accumulative exposure to solid fuel usage for cooking was negatively correlated with LTL. The LTL of residents who were exposed to solid fuel combustion for three decades (LTL = 0.70 ± 0.17) was significantly shorter than that of other populations. In addition, education and occupation were related to both exposure to solid fuel and LTL. Sociodemographic factors may play a mediating role in the correlation between leukocyte telomere length and environmental exposure to indoor air pollution. In conclusion, long-term exposure to indoor air pollution may cause LTL dysfunction.


Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Culinária , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Telômero/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos
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