Immunomodulatory effect of Myrtenol on benzo (a) pyrene-induced lung cancer in Swiss albino mice via modulation of tumor markers, cytokines and inhibition of PCNA expression.

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Although many diagnostic and treatment regimens have been followed in the treatment for lung cancer, increasing mortality rate due to lung cancer is depressing and hence requires alternative plant based therapeutics with with less side-effects. Myrtenol exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Hence we intended to study the effect of Myrtenol on B(a)P-induced lung cancer. Our study showed that B(a)P lowered hematological count, decreased phagocyte and avidity indices, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, levels of immunoglubulins, antioxidant levels, whereas Myrtenol treatment restored them back to normal levels. On the other hand, xenobiotic and liver dysfunction marker enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were elevated on B(a)P exposure, which retuned back to normal by Myrtenol. This study thus describes the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of Myrtenol on B[a]P-induced immune destruction.

Consumption of reused vegetable oil intensifies BRCA1 mutations.

Breast cancer (BC) is a foremost type of cancer in women globally with an increased mortality rate in developing countries. Information regarding hereditary factors, lifestyle, work environment, food habits, and personal history could be useful in diagnosing breast cancer. Among such food habits, the reuse of edible oil for preparing food is a common practice in any developing country. The repeated heating of oils enhances the oxidative degradation of oil to produce polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which could disrupt the redox balance and generate reactive oxygen species. These reactive toxic intermediates can lead to BRCA1 mutations that are responsible for breast cancer. Mutations in DNA are the main cause for the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes which leads to change in expression and an increase in cell proliferation wherein a normal cell gets transformed into a malignant neoplastic cell. This review summarizes the possible mechanism involved in the induction of breast cancer due to repeated heating of edible.

Amomum tsaoko fruit extract exerts anticonvulsant effects through suppression of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a pentylenetetrazol kindling model of epilepsy in mice.

BACKGROUND: Chronic epilepsy is a multifaceted common brain disorder with manifold underlying factors. Epilepsy affects around 70 million peoples worldwide. Amomum tsaoko is a perennial herbaceous plant that is extensively cultivated in many provinces of China reported to exert immense biological activities. OBJECTIVE: This research work was aimed to reveal the therapeutic actions of ethanolic extract of A.tsaoko fruits (EE-ATF) against the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-provoked convulsive seizures in the mice. METHODOLOGY: The convulsive seizures were provoked to the animals via administering 70 mg/kg of PTZ through intraperitoneally to trigger the convulsive seizures then treated with the EE-ATF at 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg orally 30 min prior to PTZ challenge. After the 30 min of PTZ challenge, animals closely monitored for signs of convulsion, generalized clonic and tonic convulsion durations, and mortality. A sub-convulsive dose 35 mg/kg of PTZ was used to provoke the kindling and seizure stages were examined using standard method. The levels of dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and Na + K + ATPase and Ca + ATPase activities in the brain tissues were studied using marker specific assay kits. The oxidative stress and antioxidant markers studied using standard methods. The mRNA expressions of COX-2, TNF-α, NF-κB, TLR-4, and IL-1ß in the brain tissues were studied using RT-PCR analysis. The brain tissues were examined histologically. RESULTS: EE-ATF treatment remarkably decreased the onset and duration of convulsion and suppressed the seizure severity and mortality in the PTZ animals. EE-ATF treatment appreciably ameliorated the PTZ triggered modifications in the GABA, glutamate, dopamine levels and Ca + 2ATPase and Na + K + ATPase activities in the brain tissues. EE-ATF suppressed the mRNA expressions of NF-κB, IL-1ß, TLR-4, TNF-α, and COX-2. The status of antioxidants were elevated by the EE-ATF. Histological findings also demonstrated the curative actions of EE-ATF. CONCLUSION: Our findings evidenced that the EE-ATF substantially ameliorated the PTZ-provoked convulsive seizures in the mice.

Phyllanthin inhibits MOLT-4 leukemic cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis through the inhibition of AKT and JNK signaling pathway.

Among cancers, leukemia is a multistep progression that involves genetic modifications of normal hematopoietic progenitor cells to cancerous cells. In recent times, leukemia cases and their mortality rate have increased rapidly. Therefore, the immense need for a therapeutic approach is crucial that can control this type of cancer. Phyllanthin is a lignan compound constituent from the Phyllanthus species and has numerous beneficial effects as a dietary component. The present study aims to determine the impact of phyllanthin on the MOLT-4 cytotoxic effect. MOLT-4 cells and MS-5 cells were cultured at different concentrations of phyllanthin (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM/ml), and the viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The level of reactive oxygen species, the membrane potential of mitochondria, apoptosis by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCF-DA), rhodamine, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)/propidium iodide (PI) staining, gene expression of signaling molecules, and protein levels were assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Phyllanthin did not show toxicity toward MS-5 cells and significantly decreased the cell viability of MOLT-4 cells with an IC50 value of 25 µM/ml. Also, phyllanthin induced the production of reactive oxygen species and led to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. AO/EB and DAPI/PI staining fluorescent image confirmed the induction of apoptosis by phyllanthin treatment. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2, NF-κB, and TNF-α decreased, but the proapoptotic Bax mRNA expression was increased. The phosphorylated protein levels of p-PI3K1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT were decreased, whereas the levels of p-p38 and p-JNKT1/2 increased. Our results confirmed that phyllanthin inhibits the MOLT-4 cells, increases apoptosis, and inhibits MOLT-4 migration and cell invasion. Therefore, phyllanthin can be used as a potential target for leukemia treatment.

Anti-inflammatory effects of rhaponticin on LPS-induced human endothelial cells through inhibition of MAPK/NF-κß signaling pathways.

The untreated systemic chronic inflammation leads to autoimmune diseases, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, and so on. Phytochemicals effectively inhibit the inflammation, and numerous studies have proved that the phytocomponents possess anti-inflammatory property via inhibiting the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase signaling pathways. Rhaponticin is one such phytochemical obtained from the perennial plant Rheum rhaponticum L. belonging to Polygonaceae family. We assessed the anti-inflammatory potency of rhaponticin in endothelial cells induced with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Four different endothelial cells induced with LPS were treated with rhaponticin and assessed for the nitric oxide generation. The cytotoxic potency of rhaponticin was evaluated in endothelial cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthizaol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis was quantified using the commercially available assay kit. The inflammatory signaling protein gene expression of TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The gene expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) cytoplasmic catalytic subunits gp91phox , p47phox , and p22phox was assessed with real-time PCR analysis. Finally, to confirm the anti-inflammatory potency of rhaponticin, the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling protein expression was analyzed with immunoblotting analysis. Rhaponticin treatment significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide and TNF-α synthesis in LPS-induced endothelial cells. It significantly decreased the gene expression of inflammatory proteins and NOX signaling protein. The protein expression of NFκB and MAPK signaling proteins was drastically decreased in rhaponticin-treated endothelial cells induced with LPS. Overall, our results confirm that rhaponticin effectively inhibited the inflammation triggered by LPS in endothelial cells via downregulating iNOS, COX2, and NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Tomentosin Reduces Behavior Deficits and Neuroinflammatory Response in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Tomentosin is an active compound isolated from the I. viscosa plant that has extensive therapeutic value. In this exploration, the neuroprotective actions of tomentosin were investigated against MPTP-stimulated neuroinflammation in mice. PD was stimulated in C57/BL6 mice by injecting 20-mg/kg MPTP at 2-h intervals 4 times a day for 15 days simultaneously with tomentosin treatment. The rota-rod test, grasping test, and pole climbing test were executed to investigate the motor functioning of the test animals. Proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and myeloperoxidase were assayed using commercial ELISA kits. Superoxide dismutase enzyme levels were measured by the standard method. Expression of TLR-4/NF-κB was analyzed by Western blot. Brain tissues of investigational animals were analyzed microscopically. Tomentosin treatment of the MPTP-intoxicated PD mice promoted appreciable regains in body weight and noticeably prevented MPTP-stimulated impairments in motor function. In the PD mice, proinflammatory cytokine, ROS, and MPO levels were lowered by tomentosin, inhibited the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway and prevented inflammation-mediated neuronal cell damage, and reduced glial cell damage and normalized ganglion layers. These findings confirmed the neuroprotective properties of tomentosin against MPTP-induced PD in mice.

Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Scutellaria baicalensis on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells.

Development of biologically inspired green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been extensively scrutinized owing to its uses in biomedical industry. In the last two decades, the demands of nanomaterial in bone remodelling have increased. Scutellaria baicalensis is a flowering plant usually used for many ailments. This work explores the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by green route method from S. baicalensis and the therapeutic potentials of Sb-ZnONPs on differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast formation inhibition. The characterization of the fabricated ZnO-NPs from S. baicalensis was done via different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The Osteogenic-related tests (MTT, Mineralization assay and Real-time PCR) were used to evaluate the properties of SB-ZnONPs on the growth and proliferation of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The characterization of SB-ZnONPs discovered the crystalline properties with high zinc content and the existence of bioactive mixtures from S. baicalensis extract. In addition, SB-ZnONPs showed insignificant cytotoxicity with enhanced differentiation, proliferation, and mineralization on MG-63 cells. Overall, these results denote that SB-ZnONPs is expected to be a natural source for the development of medical agents to in bone healing and remodelling.

Gold nano particles synthesized from Strychni semen and its anticancer activity in cholangiocarcinoma cell (KMCH-1).

Nanotechnology has been materialized as a proficient technology for the development of anticancer nanoparticles all the way through an environment-friendly approach. Conventionally, nanoparticles have been assembled by dissimilar methods, but regrettably rely on the negative impact on the natural environment. Amalgamation of nanoparticles by means of plant extract is alternate conservative methods. In the present study, we equipped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Strychni semen; displayed as a less toxic and environment-friendly. Integration of AuNPs was famed by UV-absorbance which displays peak values. Moreover, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) substantiate the shape of the AuNPs in the combined materials. FTIR results exhibit the active molecules positioned in the flat surface of the AuNPs. Similarly, the anticancer effectiveness of AuNPs is considered in KMCH-1 cells. Also, AuNPs successfully aggravate cytotoxicity and apoptosis by conjugating apoptotic gene expressions in KMCH-1 cells. Eventually, our results confirm the synthesis of AuNPs from Strychni Semen shows anticancer effects with environment-friendly manner.

Cellular phenotypes as inflammatory mediators in Parkinson's disease: Interventional targets and role of natural products.

Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is undoubtedly a multifactorial phenomenon, with diverse etiological agents. Pro-inflammatory mediators act as a skew that directs disease progression during neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the dynamics of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in preventing or reducing disease progression has recently gained much attention. Inflammatory neuro-degeneration is regulated via cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and immune cell subsets; however, individual cellular phenotypes in the Central Nervous System (CNS) acts in diverse ways whose persistent activation leads to unresolving inflammation often causing unfavorable outcomes in neurodegenerative disease like PD. Specifically, activation of cellular phenotypes like astrocytes, microglia, activation of peripheral immune cells requires different activation signals and agents like (cytokines, misfolded protein aggregates, infectious agents, pesticides like organophosphates, etc.,). However, what is unknown is how the different cellular phenotypes respond uniquely and the role of the factors they secrete alters the signal cascades in the complex neuron-microglial connections in the CNS. Hence, understanding the role of cellular phenotypes and the inflammatory mediators, the cross talk among the signals and their receptors can help us to identify the potential therapeutic target using natural products. In this review we have tried to put together the role of cellular phenotypes as a skew that favors PD progression and we have also discussed how the lack of experimental approaches and challenges that affects understanding the cellular targets that can be used against natural derivatives in alleviating PD pathophysiology. Together, this review will provide the better insights into the role of cellular phenotypes of neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators and the orchestrating factors of inflammation and how they can be targeted in a more specific way that can be used in the clinical management of PD.

Vicenin-2 inhibits Wnt/ß-catenin signaling and induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among highest prevailing cancers in the whole world, especially in western countries. For a diverse of reasons, patients prefer naturally occurring dietary substances over synthetic agents to prevent cancer. Vicenin-2 is largely available in a medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum and is an apigenin form, 6,8-di-C-glucoside, which has been reported to have a range of pharmacological values which includes antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. This study was aimed to analyze the anti-proliferative effect of Vicenin-2 on human colon cancer cells via the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling inhibition. METHODS: MTT assay was used to assess the cell viability at different concentrations and time point. Vicenin-2 at a concentration of 50 µM (IC50) decreased the phosphorylated (inactive) glycogen synthase kinase-3ß, cyclin D1, and non-p-ß-catenin expressions in HT-29 cells, which were evidenced through western blot analysis. RESULTS: Further, Vincenin-2 reduced the T-cell factor (TCF) / Leukocyte erythroid factor (LEF) reporter activity in HT-29 cells. Vicenin-2 also promoted substantial cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase of HT-29 cells, as well induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells, as revealed through flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis showed that Vicenin-2 treatment enhanced the expression of Cytochrome C, Bax and caspase-3 whereas suppressed the Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSION: Together, these results revealed that Vicenin-2 can act as a potent inhibitor of HT-29 cell proliferation and can be used as an agent against CRC.

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats via inhibition of inflammatory mediators

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic mechanism(s) of ethyl acetate extract fraction of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: A total of 24 adult male rats were segregated randomly into four groups (6 rats each group). Streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats were given (oral gavage) ethyl acetate extract fraction of M. oleifera (200 mg/kg b.w.) for 30 d. The rats of control and experimental groups were sacrificed after 24 hours of final dose of treatment, to extract blood and pancreatic tissue for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: The ethyl acetate extract fraction of M. oleifera significantly reversed (P<0.05) the manifestation of streptozotocin on the levels of serum glucose & insulin, lipid profile, hepatic damage markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase),malondialdehyde formation, antioxidants (glutathione, Vitamin C & Vitamin E), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α& IL-6). Histopathological analysis of pancreatic tissues was in concurrence with the biochemical results. Conclusions: These findings support that M. oleifera leaves have potent therapeutic effect on diabetes mellitus via increasing antioxidant levels and inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators.

The flavonoid fisetin as an anticancer agent targeting the growth signaling pathways.

Epidemiological studies show that consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables is associated with lower risks of cancer. This evidence has kindled interest into research on bioactive food components and has till date resulted in the identification of many compounds with cancer preventive and therapeutic potential. Among such compounds is fisetin (3,7,3,4-tetrahydroxyflavone), a flavonol that is commonly found in many fruits and vegetables such as apples, persimmons, grapes, kiwis, strawberries, onions and cucumbers. Fisetin has been shown to inhibit or retard the growth of various cancer cells in culture and implanted tumors in vivo. Fisetin targets many components of intracellular signaling pathways including regulators of cell survival and apoptosis, tumor angiogenic and metastatic switches by modulating a distinct set of upstream kinases, transcription factors and their regulators. Current evidence supports the idea that fisetin is a promising agent for cancer treatment. This review summarizes reported anticancer effects of fisetin, and re-emphasizes its potential therapeutic role in the treatment of cancer.

In vitro studies on mangiferin protection against cadmium-induced human renal endothelial damage and cell death via the MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways.

The therapeutic effects of the natural antioxidant mangiferin (a xanthonoid and potent oxygen free radical scavenger), which is widely distributed in mango fruit, against CdCl(2)-induced toxicity in human renal glomerulus endothelial cells (HRGEC) were investigated. The viability of HREGCs that were treated with CdCl(2) (25 µ mol) and co-treated with mangiferin (75 µ mol) for 24 h was measured by crystal violet dye. The exposure of human glomerulus renal endothelial cells to cadmium promotes a polarized apical secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, two pivotal proinflammatory cytokines known to play a significant role in renal inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion by human renal glomerulus endothelial cells could be the result of cadmium-induced IL-6 secretion via an NF-κB-dependent pathway. However, IL-8 secretion involves the phosphor-JNK phospho-p38 signaling pathway. The results of the current study reveal that mangiferin could prevent both cadmium-induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by human glomerulus endothelial cells and be used to prevent renal inflammation.

Anti-Oxidative Effect of Myrtenal in Prevention and Treatment of Colon Cancer Induced by 1, 2-Dimethyl Hydrazine (DMH) in Experimental Animals.

Colon cancer is considered as the precarious forms of cancer in many developed countries, with few to no symptoms; the tumor is often diagnosed in the later stages of cancer. Monoterpenes are a major part of plant essential oils found largely in fruits, vegetables and herbs. The cellular and molecular activities show therapeutic progression that may reduce the risk of developing cancer by modulating the factors responsible for colon carcinogenesis. Colon cancer was induced with DMH with a dose of (20 mg/Kg/body weight) for 15 weeks by subcutaneous injection once in a week. Myrtenal treatment was started with (230 mg/Kg/body weight) by intragastric administration, one week prior to DMH induction and continued till the experimental period of 30 weeks. The Invivo results exhibit the elevated antioxidant and lipid peroxidation levels in DMH treated animals. The Histopathological analysis of colon tissues well supported the biochemical alterations and inevitably proves the protective role of Myrtenal. Treatment with myrtenal to cancer bearing animals resulted in a remarkable increase in the inherent antioxidants and excellent modulation in the morphological and physiological nature of the colon tissue. It is thus concluded that myrtenal exhibits excellent free radical scavenging activity and anticancer activity through the suppression of colon carcinoma in Wistar albino rats.

D-pinitol mitigates tumor growth by modulating interleukins and hormones and induces apoptosis in rat breast carcinogenesis through inhibition of NF-kB

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in the world, and chemoprevention through dietary intervention strategy is an emerging option to reduce the incidence. D-pinitol (DP), a major component of soya bean, possesses attractive biological actions. We have investigated whether D-pinitol have an effect on tumor growth in vivo against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated rat mammary carcinogenesis and investigated its mechanism of action. Tumors were induced in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats by a gastric dose of 20 mg/kg DMBA, and after 13 weeks of induction period, the rats were orally administered with D-pinitol for 45 days. At the end of the assay, animals in carcinogen control group prompted a tumor incidence of 100 % and developed a tumor volume of 8.35 ± 0.56, which was significantly reduced to 5.74 ± 0.32 for the animals treated with D-pinitol. The D-pinitol treatment not only decreased the tumor volume but also further examination revealed that tumors from animals that received D-pinitol reduced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation which in turn results in modulation of its downstreaming p53 and proteins of caspase-3 family. Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activation were also decreased after D-pinitol supplementation leading to induction of apoptosis and finally cell death. Furthermore, the status of the inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-alfa), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor markers, lipid profile, and hormones was also significantly declined up on D-pinitol administration. Thus, it reveals the collective involvement of the abovementioned parameters along with NF-κB signaling through which D-pinitol induces apoptosis and subsequently suppresses breast cancer during DMBA-induced rat breast carcinogenesis

D-pinitol mitigates tumor growth by modulating interleukins and hormones and induces apoptosis in rat breast carcinogenesis through inhibition of NF-κB.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in the world, and chemoprevention through dietary intervention strategy is an emerging option to reduce the incidence. D-pinitol (DP), a major component of soya bean, possesses attractive biological actions. We have investigated whether D-pinitol have an effect on tumor growth in vivo against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated rat mammary carcinogenesis and investigated its mechanism of action. Tumors were induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by a gastric dose of 20 mg/kg DMBA, and after 13 weeks of induction period, the rats were orally administered with D-pinitol for 45 days. At the end of the assay, animals in carcinogen control group prompted a tumor incidence of 100 % and developed a tumor volume of 8.35 ± 0.56, which was significantly reduced to 5.74 ± 0.32 for the animals treated with D-pinitol. The D-pinitol treatment not only decreased the tumor volume but also further examination revealed that tumors from animals that received D-pinitol reduced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation which in turn results in modulation of its downstreaming p53 and proteins of caspase-3 family. Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activation were also decreased after D-pinitol supplementation leading to induction of apoptosis and finally cell death. Furthermore, the status of the inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor markers, lipid profile, and hormones was also significantly declined up on D-pinitol administration. Thus, it reveals the collective involvement of the above-mentioned parameters along with NF-κB signaling through which D-pinitol induces apoptosis and subsequently suppresses breast cancer during DMBA-induced rat breast carcinogenesis.

D-Pinitol Protects Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective activity of D-Pinitol against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The animals were divided into six groups, with each group consisting of six animals. Group I animals served as normal controls and received olive oil vehicle (1.0 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneally). Group II rats served as CCl4 controls, which received 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (3.0 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneally) twice a week for 4 weeks. Group III rats were treated with 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (3.0 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneally) twice a week for 4 weeks, followed by D-Pinitol (100 mg/kg body weight) given for 28 days intragastrically. Group IV rats received D-Pinitol alone at a concentration of 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days intragastrically. At the end of the experimental period, serum marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were significantly increased in group II animals. On the other hand, D-Pinitol treatment significantly decreased marker enzymes and LPO levels and increased the antioxidant level. CYP expression was also investigated. Therefore, the present study revealed that D-Pinitol acts as a protective agent by decreasing metabolic activation of xenobiotics through its antioxidant nature.

Mangiferin in cancer chemoprevention and treatment: pharmacokinetics and molecular targets.

A variety of bioactive food components have been shown to modulate inflammatory responses and to attenuate carcinogenesis. Polyphenols isolated several years ago from various medicinal plants now seem to have a prominent role in the prevention and therapy of a variety of ailments. Mangiferin, a unique, important, and highly investigated polyphenol, has attracted much attention of late for its potential as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent against various types of cancer. Mangiferin has been shown to target multiple proinflammatory transcription factors, cell- cycle proteins, growth factors, kinases, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes. These targets can potentially mediate the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of mangiferin by inhibiting the initiation, promotion, and metastasis of cancer. This review not only summarizes the diverse molecular targets of mangiferin, but also gives the results of various preclinical studies that have been performed in the last decade with this promising polyphenol.

Kaempferol, a potential cytostatic and cure for inflammatory disorders.

Kaempferol (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a flavonoid found in many edible plants (e.g., tea, broccoli, cabbage, kale, beans, endive, leek, tomato, strawberries, and grapes) and in plants or botanical products commonly used in traditional medicine (e.g., Ginkgo biloba, Tilia spp, Equisetum spp, Moringa oleifera, Sophora japonica and propolis). Its anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in various disease models, including those for encephalomyelitis, diabetes, asthma, and carcinogenesis. Moreover, kaempferol act as a scavenger of free radicals and superoxide radicals as well as preserve the activity of various anti-oxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. The anticancer effect of this flavonoid is mediated through different modes of action, including anti-proliferation, apoptosis induction, cell-cycle arrest, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and anti-metastasis/anti-angiogenesis activities. In addition, kaempferol was found to exhibit its anticancer activity through the modulation of multiple molecular targets including p53 and STAT3, through the activation of caspases, and through the generation of ROS. The anti-tumor effects of kaempferol have also been investigated in tumor-bearing mice. The combination of kaempferol and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs produces a greater therapeutic effect than the latter, as well as reduces the toxicity of the latter. In this review, we summarize the anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of kaempferol with a focus on its molecular targets and the possible use of this flavonoid for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.

Antioxidants and human diseases.

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that includes hydrogen peroxide, hyphochlorus acid, superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, lipid peroxides, hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical are involved in growth, differentiation, progression and death of the cell. They can react with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and other small molecules. Low concentrations of ROS has an indispensable role in intracellular signalling and defence against pathogens, while, higher amounts of ROS play a role in number of human diseases, including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemia, failures in immunity and endocrine functions. Antioxidants presumably act as safeguard against the accumulation of ROS and their elimination from the system. The aim of this review is to highlight advances in understanding of the ROS and also to summarize the detailed impact and involvement of antioxidants in selected human diseases.