A Novel Framework for Quantifying Accuracy and Precision of Event Detection Algorithms in FES-Cycling.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique used in rehabilitation, allowing the recreation or facilitation of a movement or function, by electrically inducing the activation of targeted muscles. FES during cycling often uses activation patterns which are based on the crank angle of the pedals. Dynamic changes in their underlying predefined geometrical models (e.g., change in seating position) can lead to desynchronised contractions. Adaptive algorithms with a real-time interpretation of anatomical segments can avoid this and open new possibilities for the automatic design of stimulation patterns. However, their ability to accurately and precisely detect stimulation triggering events has to be evaluated in order to ensure their adaptability to real-case applications in various conditions. In this study, three algorithms (Hilbert, BSgonio, and Gait Cycle Index (GCI) Observer) were evaluated on passive cycling inertial data of six participants with spinal cord injury (SCI). For standardised comparison, a linear phase reference baseline was used to define target events (i.e., 10%, 40%, 60%, and 90% of the cycle's progress). Limits of agreement (LoA) of ±10% of the cycle's duration and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the algorithm's event detections. The delays in the detection were determined for each algorithm over 780 events. Analysis showed that the Hilbert and BSgonio algorithms validated the selected criteria (LoA: +5.17/-6.34% and +2.25/-2.51%, respectively), while the GCI Observer did not (LoA: +8.59/-27.89%). When evaluating control algorithms, it is paramount to define appropriate criteria in the context of the targeted practical application. To this end, normalising delays in event detection to the cycle's duration enables the use of a criterion that stays invariable to changes in cadence. Lin's CCC, comparing both linear correlation and strength of agreement between methods, also provides a reliable way of confirming comparisons between new control methods and an existing reference.

Network Service and Resource Orchestration: A Feature and Performance Analysis within the MEC-Enhanced Vehicular Network Context.

By providing storage and computational resources at the network edge, which enables hosting applications closer to the mobile users, Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) uses the mobile backhaul, and the network core more efficiently, thereby reducing the overall latency. Fostering the synergy between 5G and MEC brings ultra-reliable low-latency in data transmission, and paves the way towards numerous latency-sensitive automotive use cases, with the ultimate goal of enabling autonomous driving. Despite the benefits of significant latency reduction, bringing MEC platforms into 5G-based vehicular networks imposes severe challenges towards poorly scalable network management, as MEC platforms usually represent a highly heterogeneous environment. Therefore, there is a strong need to perform network management and orchestration in an automated way, which, being supported by Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), will further decrease the latency. With recent advances in SDN, along with NFV, which aim to facilitate management automation for tackling delay issues in vehicular communications, we study the closed-loop life-cycle management of network services, and map such cycle to the Management and Orchestration (MANO) systems, such as ETSI NFV MANO. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of existing MANO solutions, studying their most important features to enable network service and resource orchestration in MEC-enhanced vehicular networks. Finally, using a real testbed setup, we conduct and present an extensive performance analysis of Open Baton and Open Source MANO that are, due to their lightweight resource footprint, and compliance to ETSI standards, suitable solutions for resource and service management and orchestration within the network edge.

Evaluation of the Treatment of Patients Subjected to Osteogenesis Induced by Tibia Bone Distraction.

Objectives To evaluate the management of tibial fractures resulting in bone loss (traumatic or infection-related) and the complications occurring during treatment with external fixator and immediately after apparatus removal. Methods Forty patients were selected from 2010 to 2017. The mean age of the patients was 33.02 years; 34 subjects were male and 6 were female. All patients had tibial bone regeneration, suffered trauma (mainly related to motorcycle accident) and were followed-up at an outpatient facility. Results Proximal tibial bones of up to 17 cm in length and distal tibial bones of up to 14 cm in length were obtained. The largest trifocal transport had the same length as the regenerated bone tissues, which was 14.5 cm. Regarding complications, 29 (72.5%) patients had infections in the pin and wire paths. There were 9 (22.5%) cases of de novo fracture, 6 of which were managed with the implantation of a new circular fixator, and 2 cases of infection of the regenerated bone. On average, patients were subjected to 4.72 procedures (ranging from 2-12), had the fixator for 20.75 months (ranging from 7-55 months), and stayed at the hospital for 53.7 days (ranging from 5-183 days), mainly because of soft-tissue complications, intravenous antibacterial therapy, and even social issues. Two (5%) patients presented symptomatic gonarthrosis, and two other patients had symptomatic ankle arthritis. Three of the patients showed lower limb discrepancy of 3.0, 3.7, and 5.0 cm. Conclusion Despite not being widely available, the Ilizarov method is useful for solving the majority of tibial bone losses, regardless of their etiology.

Evaluation of the Treatment of Patients Subjected to Osteogenesis Induced by Tibia Bone Distraction / Avaliação do tratamento de pacientes submetidos a osteogênese por distração na tíbia

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the management of tibial fractures resulting in bone loss (traumatic or infection-related) and the complications occurring during treatment with external fixator and immediately after apparatus removal. Methods Forty patients were selected from 2010 to 2017. The mean age of the patients was 33.02 years; 34 subjects were male and 6 were female. All patients had tibial bone regeneration, suffered trauma (mainly related to motorcycle accident) and were followed-up at an outpatient facility. Results Proximal tibial bones of up to 17 cm in length and distal tibial bones of up to 14 cm in length were obtained. The largest trifocal transport had the same length as the regenerated bone tissues, which was 14.5 cm. Regarding complications, 29 (72.5%) patients had infections in the pin and wire paths. There were 9 (22.5%) cases of de novo fracture, 6 of which were managed with the implantation of a new circular fixator, and 2 cases of infection of the regenerated bone. On average, patients were subjected to 4.72 procedures (ranging from 2-12), had the fixator for 20.75 months (ranging from 7-55 months), and stayed at the hospital for 53.7 days (ranging from 5-183 days), mainly because of soft-tissue complications, intravenous antibacterial therapy, and even social issues. Two (5%) patients presented symptomatic gonarthrosis, and two other patients had symptomatic ankle arthritis. Three of the patients showed lower limb discrepancy of 3.0, 3.7, and 5.0 cm. Conclusion Despite not being widely available, the Ilizarov method is useful for solving the majority of tibial bone losses, regardless of their etiology.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o tratamento das fraturas de tíbia que evoluíram com perda óssea (traumática ou secundária a infecção) e as complicações ocorridas durante o tratamento com fixador externo e no período imediatamente após sua retirada. Métodos Foram selecionados 40 pacientes tratados entre 2010 e 2017, com a idade média de 33,02 anos, sendo 34 do sexo masculino e 6 do sexo feminino. Todos os pacientes portavam regenerado ósseo da tíbia, foram vítimas de trauma (sobretudo motociclístico), e estavam em seguimento ambulatorial. Resultados Foram obtidos regenerados ósseos da tíbia proximal de até 17 cm e da tíbia distal de 14 cm. O maior transporte trifocal teve a soma do tamanho dos tecidos dos ossos regenerados, medindo 14,5 cm. Como complicações, 29 (72,5%) pacientes tiveram infecção no trajeto dos pinos e fios. Houve 9 (22,5%) casos de refratura, sendo 6 deles tratadas com novo fixador circular, e 2 infecções no osso regenerado. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma média de 4,72 procedimentos cirúrgicos (2-12), portaram fixador por 20,75 meses (7-55 m.) e permaneceram internados por 53,7 dias (5-183) devido principalmente a complicações de partes moles, a antibioticoterapia intravenosa ou até mesmo a questões sociais. Dois (5%) pacientes apresentaram gonartrose sintomática e outros 2 artrite sintomática do tornozelo. Três apresentaram discrepância de membros inferiores de 3,0; 3,7; e 5,0 cm. Conclusão Apesar de não ser um método de tratamento amplamente disponível, o método de Ilizarov é útil para solucionar a maioria das falhas ósseas da tíbia, independente da sua etiologia.

Descrição morfológica do coração e dos vasos da base do jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802) proveniente de zoocriadouro / Morphological description of heart and large vessels of the jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802) from a crocodile breeding Center

Com este estudo objetivou-se descrever os aspectos anatômicos e histológicos do coração do jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare), proveniente de zoocriadouro. Para tanto, estudou-se 13 exemplares da espécie, os quais foram perfundidos, conservados em solução de formaldeído a 10% e submetidos às técnicas anatômicas específicas. O coração foi separado e amostras foram colhidas e submetidas à avaliação histológica. Macroscopicamente o coração é tetracavitário, e além de dois átrios e dois ventrículos, apresenta uma estrutura denominada cone arterial, do qual emergem os vasos da base do coração. Foram identificadas duas aortas, direita e esquerda, sendo que a esquerda emerge do ventrículo direito e se comunica com o tronco sistêmico direito por meio do forame de Panizza. Histologicamente o coração possui epicárdio, miocárdio e endocárdio típicos. Concluímos que a histologia do coração, no jacaré-do-pantanal, é semelhante à de outras espécies de répteis. Contudo, anatomicamente apresenta particularidades importantes, as quais representam, possivelmente, adaptações que permitiram a perpetuação da espécie.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe anatomical and histological aspects of the heart of Caiman yacare from a crocodile breeding center. For this purpose, we have chosen and further studied 13 specimens which were perfused and preserved in a 10% formaldehyde solution and they were subjected to the specific anatomical techniques. The heart was separated and samples were collected and submitted to the specific histological procedures. Macroscopically, the heart is four-chambered and besides two atria and two ventricles, has a structure called arterial cone from which the large vessels of the heart emerge. Two aortas, left and right, were identified. The left aorta emerges from the right ventricle and communicates with the systemic trunk through the Foramen of Panizza. From a histological point of view, the heart is typically composed of epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. According to these observations, it is assumed that the histology of the heart of "Jacaré-do-Pantanal" is similar to other species of reptiles. However, there are some anatomic particularities, which possibly represent the adaptations allowing the perpetuation of the species.(AU)

Características da assistência à saúde a pessoas com Diabetes mellitus acompanhadas na Unidade de Saúde da Família Pedregal II, em Cuiabá, MT: reflexões para a equipe de saúde / Las características de la asistencia a la salud para pacientes de Diabetes mellitus asistidos en la unidad de salud de la familia Pedregal II, Cuiabá, MT: reflexiones para el equipo de salud / Characteristics of health assistance for Diabetes mellitus patients studied in Pedregal II family health unit, Cuiabá, MT: reflections for the health team

O Diabetes mellitus representa um grave problema de saúde pública apresentando incidência mundial crescente e impactos como condição crônica na vida de pessoas, famílias e sociedade. Consistindo numa condição sensível à atuação da atenção primária à saúde, a detecção precoce e o acompanhamento criterioso por profissionais de saúde, têm estreita relação com qualidade e uma maior sobrevida das pessoas com diabetes. Este estudo visa caracterizar as pessoas com diabetes e analisar seu acompanhamento na Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família Pedregal II do município de Cuiabá/MT, tendo como parâmetros algumas orientações do Caderno de Atenção Básica – Diabetes mellitus do Ministério da Saúde. O estudo teve caráter observacional, exploratório-descritivo, por meio de revisão dos prontuários e fichas Sishiperdia. A população consistiu em 45 pessoas com diabetes que tiveram acompanhamento na Unidade no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. Na qualificação dos dados coletados constatou-se que 98% eram maiores de 45 anos; 71% mulheres; e 82% alfabetizados. Parâmetros como circunferência abdominal, avaliação do fundo de olho e exame dos pés foram realizados em menos de 12% das pessoas. Exames laboratoriais como glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada foram pouco solicitados. As orientações sobre tabagismo, atividade física e dieta não foram valorizadas nas consultas ou não foram devidamente anotadas. Avaliando os registros em prontuário e ficha Sishiperdia, a maioria dos resultados aponta para um acompanhamento bastante deficiente às pessoas com diabetes na população estudada, apontando para necessidade de revisão da eficácia de registros e educação permanente dos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no atendimento.

Diabetes mellitus representa un problema de salud pública serio que presenta una incidencia cada vez mayor en el mundo e impactos, como condición crónica, en la vida de pacientes, de sus familias y de la sociedad. Como condición sensible al trabajo de la asistencia primaria a la salud, su detección temprana y un acompañamiento con criterios múltiples por los profesionales de salud tienen una relación estrecha a la calidad de vida y a índices de supervivencia más altos. Este estudio intenta caracterizar a pacientes con diabetes y analizar su acompañamiento en la unidad básica de salud de la familia Pedregal II de Cuiabá/MT, teniendo como parámetros algunas pautas del Cuaderno de Asistencia Básica - Diabetes mellitus del Ministerio de la Salud. El estudio es observatorio, exploratorio y descriptivo, utilizando historiales médicos y registros Sishiperdia. La población consistió en 45 sujetos con diabetes que fueron acompañados en la unidaddesde enero hasta diciembre 2009. En la calificación de los datos se evidenció que 98% tenían más de de 45 años; 71% eran mujeres; y 82% sabían leer y escribir. Parámetros como circunferencia abdominal, y exámenes del fondo ocular y los pies fueron ejecutados en menos del 12% de sujetos. Exámenes de laboratorio como glicemia rápida y hemoglobina glicosada fueran infrecuentes. Directrices sobre fumar, actividad física y dieta no fueron valuadas en consultas ni debidamente registradas. La evaluación de historiales médicos y de registros Sishiperdia demostró un procedimiento muy deficiente de acompañamiento de los pacientes de diabetes en la población estudiada, señalando la necesidad de examinar la eficacia de registros y la educación permanente de los profesionales de salud responsables de la asistencia.

Diabetes mellitus represents a serious public health problem presenting an increasing world incidence and impacts as a chronic condition in the life of patients, their families and society. As a condition sensible to the work of primary health assistance, its early detection and a multicriteria follow-up by health professionals have a close relationship to quality of life and higher survival rates. This study aims to characterize patients with diabetes and to analyze their follow-up in Pedregal II Basic Family Health Unit of Cuiabá/MT, having as parameters some guidelines from the Notebook of Basic Assistance – Diabetes mellitus of the Health Ministry. The study is observatory, exploratory and descriptive, and uses medical histories and Sishiperdia records. The population consisted of 45 subjects with diabetes that were followed-up in the Unit from January to December 2009. In the qualification of the collected data one evidenced that 98% were older than 45 years; 71% were women; and 82% were literate. Parameters such as abdominal circumference, and ocular fundus and feet exams were carried through in less than 12% of subjects. Lab exams as fast glycemia and glycated hemoglobin were uncommon requests. Guidelines about smoking, physical activity and diet were not evaluated in consultations nor duly registered. Evaluation of medical registries and Sishiperdia records showed a very deficient follow-up procedure for diabetes patients in the studied population, pointing to the necessity of examining the effectiveness of registers and permanent education of health professionals responsible for assistance.

Distribuição da artéria gástrica esquerda e artérias gástricas curtas na superfície do estômago de eqüinos e relação com a área superficial do órgão / Distribution of left gastric artery and breve gastric arteries on the surfaceof equine stomach and the relation to the organ´s superficial area

Vasos responsáveis pelo suprimento sangüíneo do estômago originam-se da artéria celíaca, primeiro ramo da aorta abdominal, localizada na região do hiato aórtico. Assim, dirigem-se à superfície do estômago as artérias gástricas esquerda e direita, as artérias gastroepilóicas esquerda e direita e as artérias gástricas curtas. Apesar de bem conhecidas as origens destes vasos, informações a respeito do comportamento dos mesmos ao atingirem a superfície do estômago ainda são escassas. O fluxo sangüíneo na parede do estômago exerce importante papel nos mecanismos de defesa da mucosa gástrica. Eqüinos em treinamento intensivo apresentam alta freqüência de ocorrência de lesões ulcerativas na mucosa do estômago, tornando as pesquisas sobre vascularização sangüínea deste órgão com grande significado prático na compreensão dos mecanismos relacionados à proteção da mucosa gástrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos relacionados à distribuição arterial na superfície do estômago de eqüinos adultos, sem raça definida e destinados a abate. Utilizaram-se estômagos oriundos de 15 machos e 15 fêmeas. A área superficial do estômago foi mensurada com software de análise de imagens e os dados correlacionados ao número de ramos avaliados. Observou-se reduzida participação da artéria gástrica esquerda na irrigação da curvatura menor do estômago. Estes achados justificam estudos relacionados à particularidades anatômicas da região da curvatura menor do estômago de eqüinos, em trabalhos futuros.

Vessels responsible for stomach blood supply have their origin in the celyac artery, abdominal aorta first branch, in the aortic hiatus region. Thus, the stomach surface receives the left and right gastric arteries, the left and right gastroepiploic arteries and the breves gastric arteries. Origins of these vessels are well-known, but information about stomach surface arterial distribution are still unknown. Stomach surface blood supply has an important role on gastric mucosa defense mechanisms. Equines submitted to intensive training show high frequency of the ulcerative lesions in the gastric mucosa, with is a promising of applicability for researches on vascularization. The aim of this study was to analyze some aspects of the stomach surface arterial distribution, of the mixed breed adults equines destined to slaughter. Equine stomachs of 15 male and 15 female were analyzed. The stomach surface area was measured with images analysis software and the data correlation with number of vessels branch accounted. A low contribution of the left gastric artery to the stomach minor curvature irrigation was observed. These results justify studies related to anatomic particularities of the region of equine stomach minor curvature, in future researches.