Avaliação urodinâmica pré e pós-operatória de pacientes com megacólon chagásico submetidos a cirurgia de Duhamel-Haddad / Urodynamic evaluation before and after Duhamel-Haddad surgery in the treatment of chagasic megacolon

Racional - Na doença de Chagas ocorre comprometimento do sistema nervoso autônomo e da musculatura lisa, podendo-se relacionar ocorrência de distúrbios miccionais quer em razão de danos da inervação vesical e esfincteriana, quer secundariamente pela compressão da bexiga pelo megacólon ou como complicação pós-operatória. Objetivo - Avaliar prospectivamente a urodinâmica (pressão máxima vesical, fluxo urinário máximo e médio, tempo de micção, pressão de abertura vesical e pressão detrusora no fluxo máximo) no pré e pós-operatório de pacientes com megacólon chagásicos submetidos à operação de Duhamel-Haddad e verificar se esta operação piora os parâmetros urodinâmicos dos pacientes. Casu;istica e Métodos - Através da avaliação urodinâmica, 16 pacientes entre 30 e 71 anos tiveram suas funções miccionais estudadas no pré e pós-operatório da operação de Duhamel-Haddad, sendo que avaliação pré-operatória serviu como controle. Observou-se a fluxometria livre, cistometria e estudo miccional. Resultados - Foram divididos em três grupos. O primeiro (masculino e feminino) onde observou-se diminuição da pressão detrusora máxima. No segundo grupo (feminino), diminuição da pressão detrusora no fluxo máximo. No terceiro (masculino), aumento do fluxo urinário máximo e médio, diminuição do tempo miccional e pressão de abertura vesical. Conclusões - Em relação às alterações urodinâmicas, no primeiro grupo (masculino/feminino) houve diminuição da pressão máxima vesical; no segundo (feminino), diminuição da pressão detrusora no fluxo máximo; no terceiro (masculino), aumento do fluxo urinário máximo e médio, diminuição do tempo de micção e da pressão de abertura vesical. Não ocorreu piora nos outros parâmetros urodinâmicos.

Urodynamic changes induced by the intravaginal electrode during pelvic floor electrical stimulation.

AIMS: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the intravaginal electrode used to perform vaginal electrical stimulation could induce acute changes on the cystometrograms and urethral pressure profiles (UPP) recordings. METHODS: Three consecutive urodynamic examinations were performed on 30 women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) symptoms. The first exam was performed without the electrode, the second with the electrode inserted into the vagina, but with the stimulator switched off and the third with the stimulator turned on. We used the INNOVA (Empi) stimulator with electrical parameters set at 50 Hz and 60 mA and on an intermittent cycle during the cystometries and a continuous stimulation during the UPP. The data of functional profile length (FPL), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), and area of the resting UPP, as well as the filling sensations and its respective bladder volumes during the cystometries, were compared. With regard to the cystometries. RESULTS: No effect of the electrode was observed on cystometry. However, the simple presence of the electrode improved the FPL, MUCP, and areas of the UPP similar to those when the stimulation was applied. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, the presence of the intravaginal electrode induces changes in the UPP not related to the stimulation itself. The physiotherapeutic effect of the electrode itself is still to be evaluated.

Long-term effect of ovariectomy and simulated birth trauma on the lower urinary tract of female rats.

PURPOSE: Using an animal model we studied the long-term effects of ovariectomy and simulated birth trauma in the development of apoptosis as well as the urodynamic, histological and ultrastructural findings 9 months after such procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 pregnant Sprague-Dawley female rats were used. Immediately after delivery 14 animals underwent vaginal ballooning and ovariectomy, while the remaining 10 served as controls. At 9 months the animals underwent urodynamic evaluation, which included the urethral pressure profile. The rats were then sacrificed and urogenital tissue was obtained for immunostaining using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling, histomorphometry evaluation and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Immunostaining demonstrated a significant increase in the apoptotic index in the urethra of castrated/ballooning rats with a predominance in the submucosa layer. Maximum urethral closure pressure was significantly lower in that group, although there was no correlation of apoptosis with maximum urethral closure pressure measurement. Urodynamic evaluation revealed only discrete alterations in cystometric parameters. Morphometric evaluation showed increased connective tissue in the vagina. Electron microscopy of urethral smooth muscle demonstrated altered cellular shape, increased intercellular space with collagen deposition and some degeneration of the mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS: Apoptosis in the urethra occurs 9 months after castration and simulated birth trauma. However, this finding was not seen in the muscle layers or in other urogenital tissues. Some ultrastructural changes also occurred that may explain some symptoms that women have after vaginal childbirth and menopause.

Long-term survival of autotransplanted major pelvic ganglion in the corpus cavernosum of adult rats.

PURPOSE: Neurogenic impotence is a common complication after radical pelvic surgery, irradiation or perineal trauma. Neuronal transplantation is a new frontier for treating neurological disorders. We investigated whether the major pelvic ganglion can survive and become functional after being implanted into the corpus cavernosum in adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male rats (13) were divided into 3 groups and sacrificed at 3 time points, namely 30 (4), 60 (5) and 90 (4) days. All rats underwent excision of the right major pelvic ganglion and left cavernous nerve. The right ganglion was implanted into the right crus of the penis. Electrostimulation was applied to the left major pelvic ganglion and cavernous nerve (1.5 mA.) and right crus (10 mA.) at sacrifice. The crural region and left ganglion were then excised for immunostaining of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), protein gene product 9.5 and growth associated protein 43. Image analysis was used to calculate the area stained in pixels. Electron microscopy of the implanted area was performed to assess neuronal survival. RESULTS: Although the degree varied, all neuronal implants survived after transplantation. The response to electrostimulation was insufficient to produce erection. No difference was noted among the areas of nNOS staining when specimens from the 3 time points were compared. The area of expression of nNOS, protein gene product 9.5 and growth associated protein 43 was larger in the implanted area than in the surrounding cavernous tissue. Under electron microscopy most surviving implants showed normal ultrastructure, although areas of fibrotic replacement were seen in several implants. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the autotransplanted major pelvic ganglion expresses nNOS, protein gene product 9.5 and growth associated protein 43, and survived up to 90 days after implantation into the corpus cavernosum. Further studies with fetal neuronal tissue seem warranted.

Propedêutica na síndrome da perda urinária com riso ("Giggle incontinence") / Propaedeutics in giggle incontinence

A perda urinária representada por micçäo involuntária e incontrolável, induzida por riso tolo e frívilo, é denominada em língua inglesa como "giggle incontinence". Por incidir próximo e durante a puberdade, atinge o indivíduo numa época psicologicamente vulnerável, com traumas às vezes irreparáveis, em funçäo das perdas urinárias. Impöe-se portanto acompanhamento médico especializado, para diagnóstico e orientaçäo terapêutica. Foram estudados 6 pacientes, 5 do sexo feminino e um do masculino, com idade média de 14,3 anos, com queixa de perdas urinárias em determinadas situaçöes de riso, apresentando o sintoma há 2 anos em média. A avaliaçäo compreendeu exame urinário completo, ultra-som do trato urinário, cistografia e exame urodinâmico incluindo cistometria, estudo miccional e perfil pressórico uretral, através de caráter de membrana. O resultado comum a todos os pacientes foi a relaçäo da perda urinária com riso por motivo futil e tolo, sempre em grupo de pessoas da mesma idade e em situaçöes como reuniöes ou pequenas festas. Os exames de urina e por imagem mostratam-se anormalidades, sendo útil somente em afastar outros problemas. Os exames urodinâmicos foram normais em 4 pacientes. Em outros 2, encontrou-se instabilidade detrusora sem perdas, uma delas seguindo a momento de riso tolo e nervoso, desencadeado por conversas no decorrer do exame. A presença de instabilidade detrusora nestes 2 pacientes e a possibilidade aventada, mas näo comprovada em literatura, de que este estado emocional desencadearia dificuldade de inibiçäo adequada, foi a base para a instituiçäo de tratamento farmacológico com anticolinérgicos, bem como orientaçäo para avaliaçäo e suporte psicológico, com boa evoluçäo a médio prazo