RESUMO
Compact elliptical galaxies are characterized by small sizes and high stellar densities. They are thought to form through tidal stripping of massive progenitors. However, only a handful of them were known, preventing us from understanding the role played by this mechanism in galaxy evolution. We present a population of 21 compact elliptical galaxies gathered with the Virtual Observatory. Follow-up spectroscopy and data mining, using high-resolution images and large databases, show that all the galaxies exhibit old metal-rich stellar populations different from those of dwarf elliptical galaxies of similar masses but similar to those of more massive early-type galaxies, supporting the tidal stripping scenario. Their internal properties are reproduced by numerical simulations, which result in compact, dynamically hot remnants resembling the galaxies in our sample.
RESUMO
This paper explicates the most fundamental mechanism that rules spiral galaxies. Although spiral galaxies are complex systems for which we do not yet have a complete understanding, the dark matter being the most severe unknown, it is possible to pinpoint the few physical factors that determine their most important properties, such as bars and spiral arms. Dynamics linked to the dissipative nature of gas and its transformation into stars provides clues that spiral galaxies are driven by dissipation close to a state of marginal stability with respect to the dynamics in the galaxy plane. Here, we present numerical evidence suggesting that warps play a similar role but in the transverse direction. N-body simulations show that typical galactic disks are also marginally stable with respect to a bending instability, leading to typical observed warps. The frequent occurrence of warps and asymmetries in the outer galactic disks, like bars in the inner disks, give new constraints on the dark matter, but this time in the outer disks.
