ARID2 deficiency promotes tumor progression and is associated with higher sensitivity to chemotherapy in lung cancer.

The survival rate in lung cancer remains stubbornly low and there is an urgent need for the identification of new therapeutic targets. In the last decade, several members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes have been described altered in different tumor types. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms of their impact on cancer progression, as well as the application of this knowledge to cancer patient management are largely unknown. In this study, we performed targeted sequencing of a cohort of lung cancer patients on genes involved in chromatin structure. In addition, we studied at the protein level the expression of these genes in cancer samples and performed functional experiments to identify the molecular mechanisms linking alterations of chromatin remodeling genes and tumor development. Remarkably, we found that 20% of lung cancer patients show ARID2 protein loss, partially explained by the presence of ARID2 mutations. In addition, we showed that ARID2 deficiency provokes profound chromatin structural changes altering cell transcriptional programs, which bolsters the proliferative and metastatic potential of the cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that ARID2 deficiency impairs DNA repair, enhancing the sensitivity of the cells to DNA-damaging agents. Our findings support that ARID2 is a bona fide tumor suppressor gene in lung cancer that may be exploited therapeutically.

Estrategia multidimensional comunitaria integral en desnutrición crónica / Community integral multidimensional strategy in chronic malnutrition

OBJETIVO: evaluar la estrategia multidimensional CLAPSEN a nivel biológico, cognitivo, social y del entorno ambiental en niños con desnutrición crónica. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo y de seguimiento longitudinal en 53 niños con retardo en crecimiento leve, moderado y severo. Ingresaron al modelo multidimensional de intervención comunitaria: Clínica, Laboratorio, Antropometría, Psicología, Educación y Nutrición (CLAPSEN). Se determinó el peso, talla, perímetro cefálico, perímetro braquial, pliegue cutáneo tricipital de la población en estudio, y ecografía del timo al inicio y final de la intervención. Luego de desparasitación de la población seleccionada, se realizó el seguimiento por ocho meses con la estrategia CLAPSEN. RESULTADOS: los niños recuperaron las condiciones biológicas y nutricionales siguientes, teniendo como resultados: el crecimiento de -2,11±0,7 a 0,6±0,3 (p≤0,001), anemia de 10,4 ±3,3 g/L a 12,5± 1,21 g/L(p≤0,001) las proteínas nutricionales mejoraron, las proteínas inflamatorias descendieron, la respuesta inmunitaria mejoró, reflejándose en la superficie del timo de 391,3±91 mm2 a 909,4±140,9 mm2(p≤0,001). CONCLUSIONES: la estrategia CLAPSEN, desde una visión multidimensional, fue útil para recuperar el retardo en crecimiento y desarrollo, para el control de posibles enfermedades crónicas y mejorar del entorno en el que vive el niño en forma relevante por el tiempo que duró el estudio.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the multidimensional strategy CLAPSEN at a biological, cognitive, social and environmental level in children with chronic malnutrition. METHODS: descriptive study and longitudinal follow-up over 53 children had mild, moderate and severe growth retardation entered into the new multidimensional model of community intervention: Clinical, Laboratory, anthropometric, psychology, Educational and nutrition (CLAPSEN). The weight, height, head circumference, brachial perimeter, triceps skinfold of the study population, in addition to extracting a blood sample for lab and ultrasound exams of the thymus at the beginning and end of the intervention was determined. After deworming of the selected population, the monitoring was carried out for eight months with the CLAPSEN. RESULTS: the children recovered the following biological and nutritional conditions, with the following results: growth from -2.11 ± 0.7 to 0.6 ± 0.3 (p≤0.001)), anemia of 10.4 ± 3 , 3 g / L to 12.5 ± 1.21 g / L (p≤0.001) the nutritional proteins improved, the inflammatory proteins decreased, the immune response improved, reflecting on the thymus surface of 391.3 ± 91 mm2 at 909.4 ± 140.9 mm2 (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: the CLAPSEN strategy from a unified multidimensional vision was useful to recover the delay in growth and development, for the control of possible chronic diseases and to improve the environment in which the child lives in a relevant way for the time that the study lasted.

Unraveling the cellular origin and clinical prognostic markers of infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia using genome-wide analysis.

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the commonest childhood cancer. In infants, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia remains fatal, especially in patients with t(4;11), present in ~80% of cases. The pathogenesis of t(4;11)/KMT2A-AFF1+ (MLL-AF4+) infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia remains difficult to model, and the pathogenic contribution in cancer of the reciprocal fusions resulting from derivative translocated-chromosomes remains obscure. Here, "multi-layered" genome-wide analyses and validation were performed on a total of 124 de novo cases of infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia uniformly diagnosed and treated according to the Interfant 99/06 protocol. These patients showed the most silent mutational landscape reported so far for any sequenced pediatric cancer. Recurrent mutations were exclusively found in K-RAS and N-RAS, were subclonal and were frequently lost at relapse, despite a larger number of non-recurrent/non-silent mutations. Unlike non-MLL-rearranged B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, B-cell receptor repertoire analysis revealed minor, non-expanded B-cell clones in t(4;11)+ infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and RNA-sequencing showed transcriptomic similarities between t(4;11)+ infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and the most immature human fetal liver hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, confirming a "pre-VDJ" fetal cellular origin for both t(4;11) and RAS mut The reciprocal fusion AF4-MLL was expressed in only 45% (19/43) of the t(4;11)+ patients, and HOXA cluster genes are exclusively expressed in AF4-MLL-expressing patients. Importantly, AF4-MLL/HOXA-expressing patients had a significantly better 4-year event-free survival (62.4% vs 11.7%, P=0.001), and overall survival (73.7 vs 25.2%, P=0.016). AF4-MLL expression retained its prognostic significance when analyzed in a Cox model adjusting for risk stratification according to the Interfant-06 protocol based on age at diagnosis, white blood cell count and response to prednisone. This study has clinical implications for disease outcome and diagnostic risk-stratification of t(4;11)+ infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Arthroscopic BPTB graft reconstruction in ACL ruptures: 15-year results and survival.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the 15-year results and survival of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using the central-third patellar bone-tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft. METHODS: ACL BPTB reconstruction was performed in 250 consecutive patients. Of these patients, 88% returned for a follow-up examination at 15 years after reconstruction. Therefore, 220 patients were studied. Mean time from injury to intervention was 3.4months (range 2 to 16). The parameters for assessment of results were subjective satisfaction, clinical examination (pivot-shift test, Lachman test with KT-1000), recovery of pre-injury activity level, and long-leg standing radiographs. We also evaluated the presence of meniscal and/or chondral injuries during the procedure. Failure rates were also evaluated. We defined a failure as severe instability not compatible with the activities of daily living (ADL) due to graft rupture. RESULTS: 8.2% of patients required a revision procedure because of graft rupture. In subjective terms, 98.1% of patients said that they were satisfied with the surgical outcomes after 15 years. Pivot shift test was normal in 93.5% at 15 years. Lachman test (KT-1000) was normal in 95.4% at 15 years. Fifteen years after surgery, 90% of patients recovered their pre-injury activity level. In 25.4% of patients symptomatic osteoarthritic changes in the knee were found at 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: The survival prevalence of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using the central-third patellar bone-tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft at 15 years was 94.8%. Fifteen years after surgery, 90% of patients recovered their pre-injury activity level. In 25.4% of patients symptomatic osteoarthritic changes in the knee were found at 15 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Negative feedback and transcriptional overshooting in a regulatory network for horizontal gene transfer.

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major force driving bacterial evolution. Because of their ability to cross inter-species barriers, bacterial plasmids are essential agents for HGT. This ability, however, poses specific requisites on plasmid physiology, in particular the need to overcome a multilevel selection process with opposing demands. We analyzed the transcriptional network of plasmid R388, one of the most promiscuous plasmids in Proteobacteria. Transcriptional analysis by fluorescence expression profiling and quantitative PCR revealed a regulatory network controlled by six transcriptional repressors. The regulatory network relied on strong promoters, which were tightly repressed in negative feedback loops. Computational simulations and theoretical analysis indicated that this architecture would show a transcriptional burst after plasmid conjugation, linking the magnitude of the feedback gain with the intensity of the transcriptional burst. Experimental analysis showed that transcriptional overshooting occurred when the plasmid invaded a new population of susceptible cells. We propose that transcriptional overshooting allows genome rebooting after horizontal gene transfer, and might have an adaptive role in overcoming the opposing demands of multilevel selection.

Ébola: Epidemia en el Siglo XXI / Ebola: Epidemic in the twenty-first Century

La fiebre hemorrágica por virus Ébola, que pertenece a la familia de Filovirus, afecta tanto a animales como a humanos, estos ultimos llegan a ser huéspedes accidentales de dicho virus. Existen actualmente 4 especies de la familia Filoviridae, del cual el más mortal para la especie humana es el Zaire Ébola virus. La transmisión se da por contacto directo con tejido animal o humano infectado, a si mismo por el consumo de los mismos. El cuadro clínico se manifiesta después de un corto periodo de incubación (2-21 días), cursando con fiebre, malestar general, cefaleas, vómitos, diarreas y hemorragias generalizadas. Actualmente está en investigación el tratamiento mostrando resultados alentadores.

Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus, which belongs to the Filovirus famiia affects both animals and humans, this last become accidental hosts of the virus. There are currently 4 Filoviridae species of the family, of which the most deadly for the human species is the Zaire Ebola virus. Transmission occurs by direct contact with infected animal or human tissue itself by eating them. The symptoms appear after a short incubation period (2-21 days), studying with fever, malaise, headache, vomiting and diarrhea and bleeding generalized.

Evaluación de la respuesta glucemica post-ingesta de la hoja de coca (Erythroxylum coca) en personas sin antecedente patológico metabólico / Evaluation of the glycemic response post-intake coca leaf (Erythroxylum coca) in people without metabolic pathologic background

Considerando la veracidad de los beneficios de la hoja de Coca (Erythroxylum coca), este estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar la respuesta glucémica post ingesta de hoja de coca en personas sin previa patología metabólica. La metodología empleada es experimental, tipo ensayo clínico de campo. De una población de 345 personas de la Escuela Militar de Sargentos del Ejército de la ciudad de Cochabamba - Bolivia, se seleccionaron a 90 personas, de sexo masculino entre 18 a 25 años, sin antecedentes personales patológicos, con índices antropométricos normales y glucemia en ayunas de 60 a 100 mg/dl . La muestra se dividió en un grupo control, un grupo post-ingesta de mate de 5 gr. de hoja de coca y otro grupo post-masticación de 5 gr. de hoja de coca, durante una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa, evaluada por la toma glucemia capilar en ayunas y dos horas postprandial. Se analizaron: el promedio, desviación estándar y prueba t student. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: Glucemia postprandial del grupo control 100,4 (± 11,9) mg/dl y (p=2,129), en el grupo de mate de coca 81,8 (±7,5) mg/dl y (p=0,003), y en el grupo de masticación de hoja de coca 82,07 (± 8,8) mg/dl y (p=0,082). Se concluye que la hoja de coca (Erythroxylum coca) reduce la glucemia postprandial en este grupo, siendo estadísticamente significativa en las dos formas de consumo mate y masticación en comparación que el grupo control.

Considering the veracity of the benefits of coca leaf (Erythroxylum coca), this study aims to evaluate the glycemicresponse post ingestion of coca leaf in people without metabolic pathologic background. It was used an experimental field trial type study. In a population of 345 people from the Military Academy Army of Sergeants in Cochabamba - Bolivia, 90 male people of 18 to 25 years old were selected with no medical history, normal anthropometric measures normal glucose on of 60 to 100 mg/dl.The sample was divided in a control group post-intake mate of 5 gr. coca and a post-chewing group 5 gr. coca leaf during an oral glucose tolerance test assessed by fasting capillary blood glucose two hours postprandial. It has been analyzed the mean, standard deviation and test student t. Most important result was: In the control group a postprandial glycemic of 100.4 (± 1 1.9) mg / dl (p = 2.129), the coca tea group was 81.8 (± 7.5) mg / dl (p = 0.003), group the chewing coca leaf was 82.07 (± 8.8) mg / dl (p = 0.082). It was been concluded that Coca (Erythroxylon coca) reduces postprandial glycemic in people without metabolic pathologic background, and it's statistically significant in the two ways of cultural consumption in the compering groups.

Determination of conjugation rates on solid surfaces.

A cytometric method for the estimation of end-point conjugation rates is developed and adapted to surface conjugation. This method improves the through-put of conjugation assays based on replica-plating and results in less noisy experimental data. Although conjugation on solid surfaces deviates from ideal conditions in which cells are continuously mixed, results show that, within the limits of high initial population densities and short mating times, end-point estimates of the conjugation rates are robust measurements. They are independent of the donor/recipient ratios and, to some extent, of the sampling time. Remixing the mating population in the course of a conjugation experiment results in a boost in the frequency of transconjugants.

Efecto del Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG en la recuperación inmunonutricional de niños desnutridos graves / Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in immune-nutritional recovery of severely malnourished children

Objetivos: valorar el efecto del Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG en la recuperación inmunitaria a medición celular y nutricional de niños desnutridos graves. Métodos: Estudio experimental aleatorio, doble ciego, controlado en niños desnutridos graves internados en el CRIN del Hospital del Niñ@ Manuel Ascencio Villarroel de Cochabamba, Bolivia. Ingresaron al estudio previo consentimiento de padres, 44 niños con desnutrición grave de acuerdo a criterios de inclusión y exclusión, (21 niños grupo estudio: 23 niños grupo control). Evaluados por antropometría, desarrollo psicomotor, respuesta inmunitaria con recuento de subpoblaciones linfocitarias CD3, CD1a, CD71, ecografía del timo y monitorización con estrategia CLAPSEN. El grupo de estudio recibió 108/g día de Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG durante tres días y dieta estandarizada con micronutrientes. El grupo control recibió la misma dieta y placebo. Se analizó los datos con SPSS 19. Resultados: los niños del grupo estudio mejoraron P/TZ= 0,71 ±0,99 DE (p<0,001) IC 95% (1,7-045); el grupo control P/TZ =-1,83±1,15 DE, PBZ,T/EZ, PCZ sin diferencia significativa. El desarrollo de área motora fina: 69±15,31 vs grupo control: 60,39±14,5 (p <0,06) IC 95% (0,46-17,6). Hubo menor incidencia de infecciones, sin diferencia significativa, el tiempo de recuperación se redujo a 24,28±2,1 días (P <0,001) vs. 33,17±2,80 días del grupo control. Se constató reducción de poblaciones linfocitarias inmaduras con mejor distribución, y mayor superficie del timo 489,61 ±163,68 vs. 372,85±84,12 del grupo control. Conclusiones: los Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG mejoran y acortan el tiempo de recuperación nutricional y la respuesta a mediación celular.

Objectives: to assess the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the recovery of cell mediated immune and nutritional satatus of severely malnourished children. Methods: experimental, randomized, double-blind, controlled in severely malnourished children admitted to the CRIN of the Children's Hospital Manuel Ascencio Villarroel in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Entered thestudy with theconsentof parents, 44 children with severe malnutrition according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, (21 children study group: 23 children control group). Assessedbyanthropometry, psychomotordevelopment, immune response, lymphocytecounting subpopulationsCD3,CD1a, CD71 and ultrasonography of the thymus and monitoring with CLAPSEN strategy.The study group received Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG 108/g day in a range of three days and standardized diet with micronutrients. The control group received the same diet and placebo. Data were analyzed with SPSS 19. Results: children in the study group improved P/TZ = 0.71 ± 0.99 SD (p <0.001) IC:95%(1.7- 045), the control group P /TZ =-1.83 ± 1.15 DE, PBZ,T/ EZ, PCZ with no significant difference. The development of fine motor area: 69.00 ± 15.31 vs. control group: 60.39 ± 14.50 (p < 0.06) IC:95% (0.46-17.68).There was a lower incidence of infections, no significant difference; the recovery time wasreduced to 24.28 ± 2.1 days (P ≤ 0.001) vs. 33.17 ± 2.80 days of the control group. It was verified Reductionof immature lymphocyte populations with better distribution and greater surface area of thymus 489.61 ± 163.68 vs.. 372.85 ± 84.12 in the control group. Conclusions: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, improve and shorten nutritional recovery time and cell-mediate response.

Factores de riesgo de neoplasias prioritarias en el Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo / Risk factors of priority neoplasms at Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo

Objetivos. Determinar los factores asociados a las neoplasias prioritarias en red asistencial Lambayeque Essalud. Métodos. Diseño de casos y controles. Se tomaron los casos confirmados de las cuatro neoplasias prioritarias: cáncer de mama, cuello uterino, próstata y estómago. Quedaron finalmente como tamaño de muestra de casos: 25, cáncer de próstata, 38 cáncer de cuello uterino, 62 cáncer de mama y 30 cáncer de estomago. Se tomo un control para cada caso con características similares de edad y sexo. Resultados. En cáncer de cuello uterino hubo asociación con: antecedente familiar de cáncer, OR 3,59; raza hispana, OR 3,48; grado de instrucción, OR 3,1. En cáncer de mama: quistes de mama, OR 4,78 y antecedente familiar, OR 2,41. En cáncer de estomago: consumo de carnes rojas ahumadas, OR 12,43; consumo de licor, OR 8,11; consumo de tabaco, OR 6,0 y consumo de alimentos condimentados, OR 3,45. En cáncer de próstata solo antecedente familiar, OR 4,85. Conclusiones. El antecedente familiar de cáncer es factor de riesgo presente en tres de las cuatro neoplasias estudiadas. El consumo de carnes rojas ahumadas y licor estuvieron asociados a cáncer de estómago y antecedente de quistes mamarios con cáncer de mama.

Objectives. To determine factors associated with tumors affecting the priority neoplastic diseases in Lambayeque network welfare Essalud. Methods. We used the analytical design of cases and controls. It took all of the four cases identified as priorities in Essalud malignancies: breast cancer, cervix, prostate and stomach confirmed in the two years preceding the survey, finally sample size of cases were: 25 prostate, cervix 38, 62 breast and. 30 stomach. It took a control in each case with similar age and sex. Results. In cervical cancer was obtained by association: family cancer OR = 3,59; race Hispanic OR = 3,48; education OR = 3,11. In breast cancer: breast cysts OR = 4,78 and family history OR = 2,41. Stomach cancer: consumption of red meat and smoked OR = 12,43; liquor consumption OR = 8,11; snuff consumption OR = 6,0 and spicy food consumption OR = 3,45. In prostate cancer the only factor was family history OR = 4,85. Conclusions. The family history of cancer is a risk factor in three of the four tumors studied. The consumption of smoked meat and liquor were associated with stomach cancer and a history of breast cysts with breast cancer.

Proximal humerus fracture rotational stability after fixation using a locking plate or a fixed-angle locked nail: the role of implant stiffness.

BACKGROUND: Fixed-angle locked devices have been developed to improve internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures. Available low-profile precontoured locking plates and intramedullary nails with fixed-angle interlocks are currently favored by most surgeons in this setting. The aim of this study was to assess the relative stability of these two methods of fixation under torsion load. METHODS: A surgical neck osteotomy was created in six pairs of embalmed humeri. In each pair, one specimen was secured with a titanium locking-compression plate, and the contralateral was secured with a titanium nail with a proximal locked spiral blade. The specimens were first tested cyclically in internal-external rotation for 10,000 cycles to evaluate interfragmentary motion (dynamic study). At the end of the cyclic testing, the specimens were loaded to failure in external rotation to measure torque to failure and construct stiffness (static study). FINDINGS: There were no significant differences in interfragmentary motion between the two fixation devices in the dynamic study. When tested to failure, fixation with the locking plate tolerated on average 20 more degrees in torsion before failure, and demonstrated higher torsional load to failure and less torsional stiffness (P<0.05). INTERPRETATION: Both locking plates and locked intramedullary nails may provide enough stability to avoid secondary displacement of proximal humerus fractures during early physical therapy. Locking plates demonstrated superior biomechanical properties under high rotational loads than locked intramedullary nails in a cadaveric proximal humerus two-part osteotomy model, and could provide more protection against unexpected high torsion loads.

Epidemiología y Sensibilidad Antimicrobiana de Infecciones Urinarias en Pacientes del Hospital Viedma, Enero 2008-Agosto 2009 / Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Sensitivity of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients of The Hospital Viedma January 2008-August 2009

Realizamos una evaluación sobre infecciones urinarias. El objetivo fue determinar las características epidemiológicas y sensibilidad antimicrobiana de pacientes mayores de 15 años diagnosticados con infecciones urinarias en el Hospital Viedma entre el período enero 2008 agosto 2009. Para el estudio tomamos una muestra de 71 pacientes (obtenida con el programa STATS®), se reviso historias clínicas y reportes de urocultivos y antibiogramas y la tabulación de los datos se realizó con el programa SPSS® v.17.Analizando los resultados obtenidos vemos que el agente causal más frecuente fue Escherichia Coli, el sexo más afectado fue el femenino y las edades entre 40 y 60 años; siendo los pacientes de procedencia urbana los más frecuentes. Los reportes de antibiogramas reflejan que la mayoría de las cepas de E. Coli son resistentes a quinolonas de primera generación, ß lactámicos y sulfonamidas, Con el estudio podemos concluir que la gran mayoría de las infecciones urinarias son causadas por E.Coli, siendo más afectadas las mujeres de procedencia urbana y el tratamiento para éstas debe ser cuidadosamente elegido ya que las cepas de E. Coli muestran resistencia a antimicrobianos comúnmente usados.

We conducted an evaluation of urinary tract infections.The objective was to determine the epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial sensitivity of patients aged 15 diagnosed with urinary tract infections in the Clinical Hospital Viedma between the period January 2008 August 2009, to study take a sample of 71 patients (obtained STATS program), reviewed medical records and reports of urine culturessusceptibility testing and tabulation of data was performed using the SPSS. 17 ®. Analyzing the results we see that the most common causative agent was Escherichia Coli (E. Coli), the most affected sex was female and aged 4060 years, and the patients of urban origin the most frequent. Reports of susceptibility show that most strains of E. Coli are resistant to firstgeneration quinolones, ß lactams and sulfonamides, With this study we conclude that the vast majority of urinary tract infections are caused by E. Coli, women being more affected in urban areas and the treatment for these should be carefully chosen and to the strains of E. coli samples commonly used antimicrobial resistance.

Alogenosis Iatrogénica, el Gran Peligro de los Biopolímeros / Iatrogenic Allogenosis, the Big Danger of the Biopolymers

La importancia que se le da a la estética en el siglo XXI ha llevado a la creación y uso de diversas sustancias de relleno en diferentes presentaciones. Esta revisión hace énfasis en las sustancias inyectables, conocidas también con el nombre de biopolímeros. Los resultados de la aplicación de los biopolímeros son, a veces, catastróficos y aún no existe la experiencia suficiente para realizar el tratamiento adecuado y definitivo, esto sin mencionar que, en algunos casos, podría llevar a la muerte del paciente. En esta revisión también mencionamos la alternativa de otras sustancias de relleno más seguras para el paciente.

The importance given to esthetics in the twentieth century has lead to the creation and use of various filler substances in different presentations. This review emphasizes in the injectable substances, al so known by the name of biopolymers. The biopolymers application results are, sometimes, catastrophic and there's not experience enough yet to make the proper and final treatment, not to mention that in some cases it could lead to the patient's death. In this review we also mention other alternative and safer fillers for the patient.

Vih: transmisió vertical y síndrome neurológico en infantes / Vih vertical traansmission and neurological syndrome in nnfants

La epidemia del VIH/SIDA dejó de ser una enfermedad exclusivamente de homosexuales, para convertirse en una enfermedad que ataca al ser humano sin distinción de raza, sexo o edad. El sexo femenino está cada vez más expuesto a la infección y es capaz de transmitir el VIH a su hijo si no hay una intervención terapéutica adecuada en el período de gestación. Se han descrito tres tiempos en los cuales la transmisión vertical puede ocurrir: transmisión intraútero, transmisión intraparto, transmisión post parto vía lactancia materna. Dentro las complicaciones que presenta la transmisión madre-niño, del VIH, se presentan alteraciones neurológicas, estas pueden ser muy acentuadas y la primera manifestación es una franca detención en la evolución del crecimiento, a ello se asocia un notable retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor y pronto se establecen los síndromes de las grandes vías, que se expresan por: rigidez extra piramidal, ataxia, síndrome piramidal. Presentamos el caso clínico, de un infante de 4 meses de edad VIH positivo, transmitido de forma vertical, con neumonía, asociada a una protuberancia a nivel cefálico en la región frontal. El mismo paciente fue tratado con medidas de sostén y recuperación.

The epidemic of the VIH/SIDA stopped being a disease exclusively of homosexual to turn into a disease that attacks the human being without distinction of race, sex or age. The feminine sex is increasingly exposed to the infection and is capable of transmitting the VIH to her are if there is no a therapeutic intervention adapted in the period of gestation. They have been described three times in which the vertical transmission can happen: Transmission Intrautero, Transmission Intraparto, Transmission post divide route mother lactation. Inside the complications that mother presents the transmission - child of the VIH appear neurological alterations, these can be very marked and the first manifestation is a Franc detention in the evolution of growth, with it a notable delay is associated in the psychomotor and prompt development there are established the syndromes of the big routes, which express for: Inflexibility extrapiramidal, Ataxia, Pyramidal Syndrome. Let's sense beforehand the clinical case, of a childhood of 4 months of age positive VIH, transmitted of vertical form, with pneumonia associated with a protuberance with cephalic level in the frontal region. The same patient who was treated with happened of support and recovery.

Grado de conocimiento sobre los beneficios del seguro universal materno infantil (sumi) en mujeres en edad fértil con residencia permanente en ironcollo / Grade of knowledge about Seguro Universal Materno Infantil (SUMI) benefits of women in fertility age with permanernt address at Ironcollo

La ley del Seguro Universal Materno Infantil (SUMI) fue implementada en enero de 2003, beneficiando a mujeres em­barazadas y menores de 5 años, y fue ampliada en diciembre de 2005 cubriendo a mujeres de 5 a 60 años. Sin embargo, a pesar de la amplia cobertura que ofrece, se utilizan solo algunas prestaciones. Una de las posibles causas de la poca utilización del SUMI puede ser el desconocimiento de la ley. Por tanto, nos planteamos conocer en qué medida las mu­jeres de edad fértil conocen las prestaciones que brinda el SUMI, y qué factores determinan este desconocimiento. Para esto, se encuestó a 213 mujeres en edad fértil que consultaron en el centro de salud San José Obrero de Mayo a Junio de 2007 de la comunidad de Ironcollo. El 56% de las encuestadas no pudieron definir el SUMI, desconocen la gratuidad y cobertura del mismo. El 36% tenía nivel de instrucción bajo, del cual, el mayor porcentaje no pudo definir el SUMI. El 86,6 % indicó trabajar en su profesión y pudo definirlo; no así las amas de casa, empleadas domesticas y vendedoras ambulantes. El 44% pudo definir el SUMI, 24% de este grupo indicó a mujeres de 5 a 60 años, embarazadas y meno­res de 5 años como beneficiados por el SUMI, la mayoría señaló recibir esa información en el centro de salud. El 97% de las mujeres que indicaron visitar el centro de salud varias oportunidades al año pudieron definir el SUMI. Concluimos que el grado de conocimiento sobre el SUMI es bajo, y que tiene relación directa con el grado de escolaridad. El Centro de Salud tiene un rol importante en la información.

The Seguro Universal Materno Infantil (SUMI) law implemented juanary 2003 and it benefits to pregnant women and chil­dren younger than 5 years old, and in december 2005 it was extended covering to women fron 5 to 60 yers old. Howe­ver, in spite of its great coverture, only some prestations are utilised. One cause of SUMI benefits low utilization could be the unknowledge of this law. So, we thougth to know in what extent women on fertile age know the benefits that SUMI aw offer, and what factors determine this extente of knowledge. In oder to do it, we did survey among a 213 fertile age women that attend to medical consult of Centro de Salud San José Obrero at Ironcollo comunity from may to june of 2007. 56% of people could not define the SUMI nor gratuity and its scope. 86% who says had a carrer could well define it; but not housekeeping, domestics, or ambulant sealers women. From 44% that coul well define SUMI, 24% pointed to 5 to 60 years old women, pregnant women and children under 5 years old as beneficiaries of SUMI. Most of them says had received this informatios at Centro de Salud. 97% of women that told to visit the Centro de Salud several times on a year could define SUMI. We conclude that the extent of knowledge about SUMI is low, and it has a relationship with scholar degree. The Centro de salud has an important role on information.

Different pathways to acquiring resistance genes illustrated by the recent evolution of IncW plasmids.

DNA sequence analysis of five IncW plasmids (R388, pSa, R7K, pIE321, and pIE522) demonstrated that they share a considerable portion of their genomes and allowed us to define the IncW backbone. Among these plasmids, the backbone is stable and seems to have diverged recently, since the overall identity among its members is higher than 95%. The only gene in which significant variation was observed was trwA; the changes in the coding sequence correlated with parallel changes in the corresponding TrwA binding sites at oriT, suggesting a functional connection between both sets of changes. The present IncW plasmid diversity is shaped by the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes as a consequence of the pressure exerted by antibiotic usage. Sequence comparisons pinpointed the insertion events that differentiated the five plasmids analyzed. Of greatest interest is that a single acquisition of a class I integron platform, into which different gene cassettes were later incorporated, gave rise to plasmids R388, pIE522, and pSa, while plasmids R7K and pIE321 do not contain the integron platform and arose in the antibiotic world because of the insertion of several antibiotic resistance transposons.

2D and 3D supramolecular structures via hydrogen bonds and pi-stacking interactions in arylsulfonates of nickel and cobalt.

Five novel arylsulfonates of Ni and Co have been hydrothermally obtained and their structures determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. [Ni(Phen)(H2O)](1,5-NDS).2H2O (1) is a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular layered compound formed by self-assembly of tetraaqua-o-phenanthrolinenickel(II) cations and 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate anions, [Ni(Phen)2(H2O)(1,5-NDS)] (2) and [Ni(Phen)2(H2O)(2,6-NDS)].2H2O (4) exhibit 2D structures via O-H...O and pi-pi (both perfect face-to-face and parallel-displaced) stacking interactions, [Co(Phen)2(H2O)(1,5-NDS)].2H2O (5) presents a 3D structure via O-H...O hydrogen-bond layers and pi-pi parallel-displaced stacking interactions, and [Co(Phen)2(1,5-NDS)] (3) is the first example of a covalently bonded polymeric cobalt sulfonate. Its 1D structure comprises chains formed through bitopic 1,5-NDS linkers. Rates and selectivities for oxidation of organic sulfides with H2O2 were measured with 2-5.