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1.
Int J Speech Lang Pathol ; 15(6): 634-42, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23721371

RESUMO

Macrostructures provide the global meaning of a text. Using Aesop's fables, the main goal of this study has been to identify the advantages and limitations in using the macrostructure tasks of retell, summary, lesson, and gist as clinical tools in understanding 16 patients with mild-to-moderate aphasia. Results suggest that all of the macrostructure tasks are important in determining the production skills of patients with aphasia. Comprehension, on the other hand, is best determined through the macrostructure tasks of retell and lesson. In addition to the language processing skills of patients with aphasia, macrostructures also provide a cognitive picture of how patients manipulate information from stories (i.e., reducing information, making inferences, and generalizing didactic information). Inherent limitations, however, are seen when interpreting possible reasons why patients with aphasia are unable to perform some of these tasks. Given that the potential gains of using macrostructure tasks outweigh the limitations, this study suggests that macrostructures may have clinical value as a diagnostic tool in understanding the cognitive-linguistic processes of patients with brain injury.


Assuntos
Afasia/reabilitação , Aforismos e Provérbios como Assunto , Compreensão , Idioma , Acústica da Fala , Qualidade da Voz , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Afasia/diagnóstico , Afasia/psicologia , Cognição , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
2.
Top Stroke Rehabil ; 20(1): 36-43, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23340069

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Personal narratives have been suggested as a way for persons post stroke to re-establish their identity. To relate tellable personal stories, narrative competence - along with its building blocks - is essential. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe narrative competence in persons with mild to moderate aphasia. It addressed the areas of coherence, clarity, temporal-causal structure, and reference in narratives. The study also examined the strategies used (evaluative language) as well as the topics and themes in personal narratives. METHODS: Sixteen individuals with mild to moderate aphasia were asked to relate the story of their stroke and stories of a memorable and a frightening experience. Stories were elicited using a "willing listener" procedure. Responses were analyzed quantitatively in terms of the number of propositions and the instances of temporal-causal sequences, reference, and evaluation. Qualitative analysis was performed to determine the overall coherence and clarity of the narratives. RESULTS: Narrative competence was present in the majority of participants. Although difficulties with reference were observed, high ratings of narrative coherence and clarity were attributed to sufficient amount of language, preserved temporal-causal sequencing, and the use of strategies (evaluative language). CONCLUSIONS: Narrative competence was exhibited in the personal narratives of individuals with mild to moderate aphasia. In addition to pinpointing essential elements of narrative competence, the use of personal narratives was deemed beneficial for both the clinician, by providing a better understanding of the individual with aphasia, and the individual with aphasia, by providing opportunities for self-disclosure.


Assuntos
Afasia/fisiopatologia , Afasia/psicologia , Compreensão/fisiologia , Competência Mental/psicologia , Narração , Autoimagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
3.
Kasmera ; 13(1/4): 11-33, dic. 1985. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-42308

RESUMO

Se revisan los resultados de 2.541 urocultivos de pacientes del Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona" de Maracaibo, desde enero de 1980 hasta diciembre de 1983 procesados por la Sección de Bacteriología de dicha Institución. De los resultados revisados 689 (27,12%) muestran contajes significativos, de los cuales el 92,89% fueron positivos a un sólo micro-organismo y en el 7,11% restante se observó la presencia de dos gérmenes. Del total de micro-organismos aislados el 91,4% corresponden a los bacilos Gram negativos, el 7,0% a cocos Gram positivos y el 1,6% restante corresponden a Levaduras sp. Los micro-organismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron en orden decreciente: Escherichia coli 47,8% (339), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12,6% (89), Klebsiella pneumoniae 12,3% (87), Proteus mirabilis 8,2% (58), Staphylococcus aureus 2% (14). Se determinó el patrón de susceptibilidad de los micro-organismos aislados a los agentes antimicrobianos utilizando el disco único de alta potencia, según los criterios establecidos por Bauer Kirby; incluyendo entre ellos los de mayor uso en el tratamiento de las infecciones urinarias, encontrándose que Escherichia coli fue sensible por encima del 98,0% a Sisomicina, Cefamandol, Furadantina, Amikacina, Acido Nalidíxico y Colimicina. mientras que el porcentaje de resistencia para Tetraciclinas, Sulfas y Ampicilina fue superior al 66,0%; en el caso de Pseudomonas aeruginosa los antimicrobianos con mayor porcentaje de efectividad fueron Colimicina y Polimixina B 100%, Amikacina 97,5%, Tobramicina 72,9% y Gentamicina 64,0%; en relación a Klebsiella pneumoniae el 95,4% de las cepas resultaron sensibles a Cefalosporinas; con respecto a Proteus mirabilis la sensibilidad observada fue de 100% para Tobramicina y por encima del 96,6% para Cefalosporinas y Amikacina


Assuntos
Bacteriúria/diagnóstico , Técnicas In Vitro , Anti-Infecciosos Urinários/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Proteus mirabilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos
4.
Kasmera ; 13(1/4): 46-66, dic. 1985. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-42315

RESUMO

Se estudian 2.471 urocultivos de pacientes del Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona" de Maracaibo, desde abril de 1976 hasta diciembre de 1979, aplicando el criterio establecido por Kass, de la existencia de infección urinaria cuando el recuento cuantitativo revela cifras iguales o superiores a 100.000 colonias por ml. de orina. De los urocultivos procesados, 657 (26,59%) muestran contajes significativos y el 11,42% de ellos fueron positivos a dos micro-organismos. Del total de micro-organismos aislados, 78,55% pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el 12,16% al grupo de los Bacilos Gram Negativos No Fermentadores. Los micro-organismos más comúnmente aislados, fueron en orden decreciente: Escherichia coli 41,53% (304), Klebsiella pneumoniae 16,39% (120), Proteus mirabilis 9,97% (73) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7,38% (54). En las especies bacterianas se determinó, el patrón de susceptibilidad a los agentes antimicrobianos, incluyendo entre ellos los de mayor uso en el tratamiento de las infecciones urinarias; encontrándose que para Escherichia coli casi el 95% de las cepas resultaron sensibles a Tobramicina, Gentamicina, Acido Nalidíxico y Nitrofurantonía; en el caso de Klebsiella pneumoniae el 83,3% resultaron sensibles a Cefalosporinas y el 89,1% resistentes a Ampicilina; el 100% de las cepas de Proteus mirabilis fueron sensibles a Gentamicina y Tobramicina, siendo preocupante el 44,4% y 47,4% de resistencia presentado por Pseudomonas aeruginosa a Gentamicina y Tobramicina respectivamente


Assuntos
Animais , Bacteriúria/diagnóstico , Anti-Infecciosos Urinários/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Proteus mirabilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos
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