Dataset of breast thermography images for the detection of benign and malignant masses.

Thermographic image analysis is a subfield of diagnostic image processing aimed at detecting breast abnormalities in women at an early stage. It is a developing field of research and its effectiveness and scope require scientific assessment to be determined. An open-access dataset has been created for the scientific community to test and develop techniques for computational detection of normal and abnormal breast conditions from thermograms. This dataset is a valuable resource for researchers due to the scarcity of publicly available datasets of breast thermographic images. It includes thermographic images of the female chest area in three capture positions: anterior, left oblique and right oblique. The data set comes from 119 women ranging from 18 to 81 years of age. A table is attached to the dataset with the diagnosis of breast pathology, showing that 84 patients had benign pathology and 35 patients had malignant pathology. The diagnoses of women with healthy breast pathology are not included.

Multiplication of Cupressus guadalupensis Using the RITA® Temporary Immersion System.

The Guadalupe cypress (Cupressus guadalupensis S. Watson) is an endangered species included in the list of the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. The presence of wild goats in the habitat has been the greatest threat to the propagation and survival of this species. Therefore, there is a need to generate propagation protocols that facilitate the regeneration of the species. Plant tissue culture offers various possibilities that can facilitate the regeneration of species under some risk. Temporary immersion systems have proven to be an option with various advantages in plant tissue culture, such as increasing the number of seedlings generated and reducing production times, compared to semisolid media. The objective of this chapter is to describe a protocol to propagate Guadalupe cypress tissues in a RITA® temporary immersion system.

Superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach to the tentorial area: A qualitative and quantitative anatomic study.

Objective: Superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach (SETOA) is nowadays gaining progressive application in neurosurgical scenarios. Both anatomic and clinical reports have demonstrated the possibility of taking advantage of the orbital corridor as a minimally invasive route to reach anterior and middle cranial fossae and manage selected surgical lesions developing in these areas. The aim of this paper is to further shed light on other anatomic regions of the skull base as seen from a transorbital perspective, namely, the posterior cranial fossa and tentorial area, describing technical feasibility and steps in reaching this area through an extradural-transtentorial approach and providing quantitative evaluations of the "working area" obtained through this route. Material and methods: Four cadaveric heads (eight sides) were dissected at the Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy (LSNA) of the University of Barcelona, Spain. A stepwise dissection of the transorbital approach to the tentorial area was described. Qualitative anatomical descriptions and quantitative analyses of working were evaluated by using pre- and postdissections CT and MRI scans, and three-dimensional reconstructions were made using Amira software. Results: With the endoscopic transorbital approach, posterior cranial fossa dura was reached by an extradural middle cranial fossa approach and drilling of the petrous apex. After clipping the superior petrosal sinus, the tentorium was divided and cut. An endoscope was then introduced in the posterior cranial fossa at the level of the tentorial incisura. Qualitative analysis provided a description of the tentorial and petrosal surfaces of the cerebellum, middle tentorial incisura, cerebellopontine fissures, and, after arachnoid dissection, by a 30° endoscopic visualization, the posterior aspect of the cerebellomesencephalic fissure. Quantitative analysis of the "working area" obtained after bone removal was also provided. Conclusions: This anatomic qualitative and quantitative study sheds light on the anatomy of the posterior cranial fossa contents, such as the tentorial area and incisura, as seen through a transorbital perspective. The first aim of the article is to enrich the anatomical knowledge as seen through this relatively new corridor and to provide quantitative details and insights into the technical feasibility of reaching these regions in a surgical scenario.

High prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and abnormal liver stiffness in a young and obese Mexican population.

OBJECTIVE: To identify nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver stiffness in Mexican subjects with different body mass index (BMI). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 505 adults. Risk for NASH was defined as the presence of one or more of the following biochemical and metabolic parameters (BMPs): fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl, triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dl, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ≥2.5, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >54 IU/L and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >42 IU/L. Body mass index measurement and nutritional assessment were performed by standard procedures. Liver fibrosis stage was determined by liver stiffness measurement using transitional elastography (TE) or by liver biopsy (LB). RESULTS: Risk for NASH was 57% (290/505). Most BMPs values incremented by BMI category. Among 171 at-risk patients, 106 subjects were evaluated by TE and 65 subjects by LB. Abnormal liver stiffness (≥6.0 kPa) was prevalent in 54% (57/106) of the cases, whereas by LB, 91% (59/65) of patients with obesity had NASH and liver fibrosis. Furthermore, liver fibrosis was prevalent in 46% (6/13) in normal weight individuals, whereas 4.6% (3/65) of patients with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 showed no histopathological abnormalities. Overall, 67.8% (116/171) of the patients had abnormal liver stiffness or NASH. The normal weight patients with liver damage consumed relatively a higher fat-rich diet compared to the other groups whereas the remaining subgroups shared a similar dietary pattern. CONCLUSION: Young patients with overweight and obesity showed a high prevalence of altered BMPs related to abnormal liver stiffness assessed by TE and NASH by LB. Early diagnostic strategies are required to detect the risk for NASH and avoid further liver damage in populations with a rising prevalence of obesity by defining the risk factors involved in the onset and progression of NASH.

Cirugía endoscópica endonasal extendida para cordomas y condrosarcomas de clivus: nuestra experiencia en 14 casos / Extended endoscopic endonasal surgery for clival chordoma and chondrosarcoma: Our experience in 14 cases

Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia del manejo de los cordomas y condrosarcomas por abordaje endoscópico endonasal extendido. Método: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de una serie de 14 pacientes afectos de cordomas o condrosarcomas clivales operados mediante un abordaje endoscópico endonasal extendido por un mismo equipo multidisciplinar, en el intervalo de tiempo desde 2008 hasta 2016. Resultados: Catorce pacientes (hombre/mujer 2:1) con una media de edad de 49años en los cordomas y de 32años en los condrosarcomas. La presentación clínica más frecuente fue la diplopía (78,5% de los casos), seguida de la disfagia (28,6%). Histológicamente se reportaron como cordomas el 71,4% y como condrosarcomas el 28,6%. Además, se encontró en el 81% de los casos invasión de al menos dos o más tercios del clivus, en el 57,1% invasión intradural y en el 35,7% invasión sellar. En el 42,8% de los casos el grado de resección fue total y en el 21,5%, subtotal. La complicación más frecuente fue la fístula de LCR, que se presentó en el 28,6% de los casos, habiendo que intervenir solo a un paciente. En el 35,7% de los casos se indicó tratamiento coadyuvante con Proton Beam y en el 21,5% radioterapia convencional. La media de seguimiento fue de 53,5meses, y se encontró recurrencia o progresión tumoral en el 21,5% de los casos, dos de los cuales no había recibido coadyuvancia. No hubo fallecimientos. Conclusión: El abordaje endoscópico endonasal extendido, realizado por un equipo experimentado, es una buena alternativa de manejo para estas lesiones. La invasión intradural podría estar relacionada con un mayor riesgo de complicaciones y una mayor afectación clínica al diagnóstico, así como con una menor tasa de resección total

Objective: To report our experience in the management of chordoma and chondrosarcoma with extended endoscopic endonasal surgery. Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of 14 patients with clival chordoma or chondrosarcoma who had extended endoscopic endonasal surgery from 2008 to 2016 performed by the same multidisciplinary team. Results: We had fourteen patients (male/female 2:1), with a mean age of 49years for chordoma and 32 for chondrosarcoma. The most common clinical presentation was diplopia in 78.5% of cases, followed by dysphagia in 28.6%. Histologically, 71.4% were chordomas and 28.6% were chondrosarcomas. In addition, invasion of at least two thirds or more of the clivus was found in 81% of the cases; in 57.1% there was intradural invasion, and in 35.7% invasion of the sella turcica. In 42.8% of cases, the degree of resection was total and in 21.5% subtotal. The most common complication was CSF fistula, occurring in 28.6% of the cases, with only one case requiring surgery to repair it. Adjuvant treatment with Proton Beam was performed in 35.7% of cases and with conventional radiotherapy in 21.5%. Mean follow-up was 53.5months and tumour recurrence or progression was found in 21.5% of the cases, two of which had not received adjuvant treatment. There were no deaths. Conclusion: The extended endoscopic endonasal approach (EEEA) performed by an experienced team is a good alternative for the management of these lesions. Intradural invasion may be related to an increased risk of complications and worse clinical presentation, in addition to a lower rate of total resection

[Extended endoscopic endonasal surgery for clival chordoma and chondrosarcoma: Our experience in 14 cases]. / Cirugía endoscópica endonasal extendida para cordomas y condrosarcomas de clivus: nuestra experiencia en 14 casos.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in the management of chordoma and chondrosarcoma with extended endoscopic endonasal surgery. METHOD: We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of 14 patients with clival chordoma or chondrosarcoma who had extended endoscopic endonasal surgery from 2008 to 2016 performed by the same multidisciplinary team. RESULTS: We had fourteen patients (male/female 2:1), with a mean age of 49years for chordoma and 32 for chondrosarcoma. The most common clinical presentation was diplopia in 78.5% of cases, followed by dysphagia in 28.6%. Histologically, 71.4% were chordomas and 28.6% were chondrosarcomas. In addition, invasion of at least two thirds or more of the clivus was found in 81% of the cases; in 57.1% there was intradural invasion, and in 35.7% invasion of the sella turcica. In 42.8% of cases, the degree of resection was total and in 21.5% subtotal. The most common complication was CSF fistula, occurring in 28.6% of the cases, with only one case requiring surgery to repair it. Adjuvant treatment with Proton Beam was performed in 35.7% of cases and with conventional radiotherapy in 21.5%. Mean follow-up was 53.5months and tumour recurrence or progression was found in 21.5% of the cases, two of which had not received adjuvant treatment. There were no deaths. CONCLUSION: The extended endoscopic endonasal approach (EEEA) performed by an experienced team is a good alternative for the management of these lesions. Intradural invasion may be related to an increased risk of complications and worse clinical presentation, in addition to a lower rate of total resection.

Conocimientos, prácticas y actitudes en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Knowledge, Practices and Attitudes in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Antecedentes: La diabetes tipo 2 es uno de los mayores problemas para los sistemas de salud de Latinoamérica. La expectativa de su incremento se basa en la alta prevalencia de las condiciones que preceden a la diabetes como la obesidad y la intolerancia a la glucosa, entre otras. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, prácticas y actitudes en relación a su enfermedad de los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en la aldea El Nance, Campamento, Olancho, Octubre-Diciembre 2016. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó todos los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 de la aldea el Nance, Campamento, Olancho. Se realizó una encuesta previa y luego se brindó educación a cada paciente. Resultados: Se evaluaron 40 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, en donde 62.5 % desconoce que es hipoglicemia, la mitad de ellos relaciona las complicaciones a diabetes mellitus tipo 2 . 32.5% de los pacientes no realiza actividad física semanal. La mitad de ellos no cuenta con glucómetro. 55% de los pacientes asistiría a sus citas médicas si supiera que estará mejor. Discusión: Los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de este estudio presentaron conocimientos adecuados acerca de los conceptos de la enfermedad, las complicaciones, y algunas prácticas, siendo similar a los resultados de estudios centroamericanos.

Resonancia magnética intraoperatoria de bajo campo para la cirugía de neoplasias cerebrales: experiencia preliminar / Low field intra-operative magnetic resonance imaging for brain tumour surgery: preliminary experience

Objetivos: La resonancia magnética intraoperatoria (RMi) es una herramienta recientemente introducida en los quirófanos de neurocirugía más vanguardistas mundialmente. Presentamos nuestra experiencia clínica preliminar con relación al empleo de la RMi de bajo campo, PoleStar N30(R), desde su implementación en 2013 en el Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, para el tratamiento de neoplasias cerebrales. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo no aleatorizado incluyendo los casos intervenidos mediante RMi con intención de resección completa hasta octubre de 2015. Se registraron los tiempos quirúrgicos así como los grados de resección, diagnóstico histológico, estancia hospitalaria y la supervivencia durante el seguimiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron 50 pacientes con edad media de 55 años (± 13,7), un Karnofsky preoperatorio de 92 (siendo el postoperatorio de 81); y un seguimiento medio de 10,5 meses (± 6,5). Un 26% fueron reintervenciones por recidiva. Un 56% eran gliomas de alto grado, un 24% gliomas de bajo grado y un 20% otras neoplasias. La estancia hospitalaria global fue de 10 días (± 4,5). Según el diagnóstico histológico el grupo «otras» fue el que mayor estancia hospitalaria presentaba. Globalmente, se lograron un 52% de resección completa, un 18% de resecciones parciales máximas y un 30% de resecciones parciales. La supervivencia durante el seguimiento fue del 84%. Conclusiones: La RMi es una herramienta segura y eficaz en la cirugía de neoplasias cerebrales. Su uso permite aumentar el grado de resección disminuyendo las complicaciones posquirúrgicas. Su empleo conlleva una prolongación del tiempo quirúrgico que mejora con la curva de aprendizaje característica. Más estudios son necesarios para poder establecer su papel en la supervivencia a largo plazo de los pacientes

Objectives: Intra-operative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) is a recently introduced tool in the most advanced neurosurgical operating rooms worldwide. We present our preliminary experience in brain tumour surgery with low field PoleStar N30(R) intraoperative MRI since its introduction in 2013 in the Barcelona Clinic Hospital. Material and methods: A prospective non-randomised study was conducted on cases operated on using iMRI and intention of complete removal up to October 2015. A record was made of the data as regards surgical times, resection rates, histological diagnosis, hospital stay, and survival rates during follow-up. Results: The study included 50 patients, with a mean age of 55 years (± 13.7), a preoperative mean Karnofsky of 92 (being 81 post-operatively), and a mean follow-up of 10.5 months (±6.5). There were 26% re-operations due to recurrence. High-grade gliomas were reported in 56%, low-grade gliomas in 24%, and 20% 'Other' tumours. Overall hospital stay was 10 days (± 4.5). Depending on the histologiacl diagnosis, the 'Others' group had a longer hospital stay. Overall, there were 52% complete removal, 18% of maximum removals, and 30% of partial removals. The overall survival rates during follow-up was 84%. Conclusions: iMRI is a safe and effective tool for brain tumour surgery. Its use allows an increase in resection rates, and minimises post-operative complications. Its implementation involves an increase in surgical time, which improves with the characteristic learning curve. More studies are needed to establish its role in the long-term survival of patients

[Low field intra-operative magnetic resonance imaging for brain tumour surgery: preliminary experience]. / Resonancia magnética intraoperatoria de bajo campo para la cirugía de neoplasias cerebrales: experiencia preliminar.

OBJECTIVES: Intra-operative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) is a recently introduced tool in the most advanced neurosurgical operating rooms worldwide. We present our preliminary experience in brain tumour surgery with low field PoleStar N30® intraoperative MRI since its introduction in 2013 in the Barcelona Clinic Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective non-randomised study was conducted on cases operated on using iMRI and intention of complete removal up to October 2015. A record was made of the data as regards surgical times, resection rates, histological diagnosis, hospital stay, and survival rates during follow-up. RESULTS: The study included 50 patients, with a mean age of 55 years (±13.7), a preoperative mean Karnofsky of 92 (being 81 post-operatively), and a mean follow-up of 10.5 months (±6.5). There were 26% re-operations due to recurrence. High-grade gliomas were reported in 56%, low-grade gliomas in 24%, and 20% "Other" tumours. Overall hospital stay was 10 days (±4.5). Depending on the histologiacl diagnosis, the "Others" group had a longer hospital stay. Overall, there were 52% complete removal, 18% of maximum removals, and 30% of partial removals. The overall survival rates during follow-up was 84%. CONCLUSIONS: iMRI is a safe and effective tool for brain tumour surgery. Its use allows an increase in resection rates, and minimises post-operative complications. Its implementation involves an increase in surgical time, which improves with the characteristic learning curve. More studies are needed to establish its role in the long-term survival of patients.

HOXA9 is Underexpressed in Cervical Cancer Cells and its Restoration Decreases Proliferation, Migration and Expression of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Genes.

HOX transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved in many different species and are involved in important cellular processes such as morphogenesis, differentiation, and proliferation. They have also recently been implicated in carcinogenesis, but their precise role in cancer, especially in cervical cancer (CC), remains unclear. In this work, using microarray assays followed by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we found that the expression of 25 HOX genes was downregulated in CC derived cell lines compared with nontumorigenic keratinocytes. In particular, the expression of HOXA9 was observed as down-modulated in CCderived cell lines. The expression of HOXA9 has not been previously reported in CC, or in normal keratinocytes of the cervix. We found that normal CC from women without cervical lesions express HOXA9; in contrast, CC cell lines and samples of biopsies from women with CC showed significantly diminished HOXA9 expression. Furthermore, we found that methylation at the first exon of HOXA9 could play an important role in modulating the expression of this gene. Exogenous restoration of HOXA9 expression in CC cell lines decreased cell proliferation and migration, and induced an epithelial-like phenotype. Interestingly, the silencing of human papilloma virus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes induced expression of HOXA9. In conclusion, controlling HOXA9 expression appears to be a necessary step during CC development. Further studies are needed to delineate the role of HOXA9 during malignant progression and to afford more insights into the relationship between downmodulation of HOXA9 and viral HPV oncoprotein expression during cercical cancer development.

Human papillomavirus genotyping by Linear Array and Next-Generation Sequencing in cervical samples from Western Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The Linear Array® (LA) genotyping test is one of the most used methodologies for Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, in that it is able to detect 37 HPV genotypes and co-infections in the same sample. However, the assay is limited to a restricted number of HPV, and sequence variations in the detection region of the HPV probes could give false negatives results. Recently, 454 Next-Generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been efficiently used also for HPV genotyping; this methodology is based on massive sequencing of HPV fragments and is expected to be highly specific and sensitive. In this work, we studied HPV prevalence in cervixes of women in Western Mexico by LA and confirmed the genotypes found by NGS. METHODS: Two hundred thirty three cervical samples from women Without cervical lesions (WCL, n = 48), with Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN I, n = 98), or with Cervical cancer (CC, n = 87) were recruited, DNA was extracted, and HPV positivity was determined by PCR amplification using PGMY09/11 primers. All HPV- positive samples were genotyped individually by LA. Additionally, pools of amplicons from the PGMY-PCR products were sequenced using 454 NGS technology. Results obtained by NGS were compared with those of LA for each group of samples. RESULTS: We identified 35 HPV genotypes, among which 30 were identified by both technologies; in addition, the HPV genotypes 32, 44, 74, 102 and 114 were detected by NGS. These latter genotypes, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Mexican population. Furthermore, we found that LA did not detect, in some diagnosis groups, certain HPV genotypes included in the test, such as 6, 11, 16, 26, 35, 51, 58, 68, 73, and 89, which indicates possible variations at the species level. CONCLUSIONS: There are HPV genotypes in Mexican population that cannot be detected by LA, which is, at present, the most complete commercial genotyping test. More studies are necessary to determine the impact of HPV-44, 74, 102 and 114 on the risk of developing CC. A greater number of samples must be analyzed by NGS for the most accurate determination of Mexican HPV variants.

Determinación de la actividad contra Mycobacterium smegmatis y Mycobacterium tuberculosis de extractos de plantas de uso medicinal en Guatemala / Determination of the activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis of plant extracts for medicinal use in Guatemala

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo la determinación de la actividad inhibidora contra Mycobacterium smegmatis y Mycobacterium tuberculosis de extracto de plantas de uso medicinal en Guatemala. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar si existía correlación entre la acción inhibidora in vitro de extractos hexánicos, clorosfórmico, metanólicos y acuosos de las plantas: Sida acuta, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Piper auritum, Stachytarpheta cayennensis y Ocimum micranthum, de una cepa de Mycobacterium smegmatis y una cepa multisensible, 3 de mediana resistencia y una multiresistencia y una multiresistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis.