Bifidobacterium longum LBUX23 Isolated from Feces of a Newborn; Potential Probiotic Properties and Genomic Characterization.

Bifidobacterium longum is considered a microorganism with probiotic potential, which has been extensively studied, but these probiotic effects are strain dependent. This work aims to characterize the probiotic potential, based on the biochemical and genomic functionality, of B. longum LBUX23, isolated from neonates' feces. B. longum LBUX23 contains one circular genome of 2,287,838 bp with a G+C content of 60.05%, no plasmids, no CRISPR-Cas operon, possesses 56 tRNAs, 9 rRNAs, 1 tmRNA and 1776 coding sequences (CDSs). It has chromosomally encoded resistance genes to ampicillin and dicloxacillin, non-hemolytic activity, and moderate inhibition of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and to some emergent pathogen's clinical strains. B. longum LBUX23 was able to utilize lactose, sucrose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and lactulose. The maximum peak of bacterial growth was observed in sucrose and FOS at 6 h; in lactose and lactulose, it was shown at 8 h. B. longum LBUX23 can survive in gastrointestinal conditions (pH 4 to 7). A decrease in survival (96.5 and 93.8%) was observed at pH 3 and 3.5 during 120 min. argC, argH, and dapA genes could be involved in this tolerance. B. longum LBUX23 can also survive under primary and secondary glyco- or tauro-conjugated bile salts, and a mixture of bile salts due to the high extracellular bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity (67.3 %), in taurocholic acid followed by taurodeoxycholic acid (48.5%), glycocholic acid (47.1%), oxgall (44.3%), and glycodeoxycholic acid (29.7%) probably due to the presence of the cbh and gnlE genes which form an operon (start: 119573 and end: 123812). Low BSH activity was determined intracellularly (<7%), particularly in glycocholic acid; no intracellular activity was shown. B. longum LBUX23 showed antioxidant effects in DPPH radical, mainly in intact cells (27.4%). In the case of hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, cell debris showed the highest reduction (72.5%). In the cell-free extract, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity was higher (90.5%). The genome of B. longum LBUX23 contains PNPOx, AhpC, Bcp, trxA, and trxB genes, which could be involved in this activity. Regarding adherence, it showed adherence up to 5% to Caco-2 cells. B. longum LBUX23 showed in vitro potential probiotic properties, mainly in BSH activity and antioxidant capacity, which indicates that it could be a good candidate for antioxidant or anti-cholesterol tests using in vivo models.

Anthropometric measure and adipokine levels of a young undergraduate population with a usual diet / Medidas antropométricas y niveles de adipocinas de una población joven de pregrado con dieta habitual

Background: obesity is the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue related to food intake and other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of nutrients, anthropometric parameters, health indicators, adipokines and insulin levels in a population of young undergraduates. Method: in this study, 378 young undergraduates were invited to participate. Due to the inclusion criteria and their own decision of participating, 90 attended the anthropometric, health indicators: waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) studies and completed the questionnaire of frequency of food intake; and 34 participants were selected to perform the determination of biochemical parameters, insulin and adipokines levels: leptin, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Results: according to WC, WHR and WHtR (women: 104 ± 20, 0.87 ± 0.08, 0.6 ± 0.13; men: 112 ± 10, 0.95 ± 0.09, 0.64 ± 0.06, respectively), obese population showed health, cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Overweight population showed cardiometabolic risk. In general, lipid intake was higher than 30%, being animal fat the most consumed. The levels of leptin (women: 17.2 ± 9.2, 28 ± 11.3, 36.8 ± 17.8; men: 4.3 ± 3.6, 9.5 ± 3.1, 24.6 ± 16.4 to lean overweight and obese, respectively) and insulin (women: 408 ± 182, 438 ± 187, 768 ± 167; men: 244 ± 88, 520 ± 256, 853 ± 590) increased along with body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), visceral fat area (VFA), WC, WHR and WHtR. Lean (2.4 ± 1.3), overweight (2.2 ± 0.9) and obese (4.3 ± 1.1) women and overweight (2.8 ± 1.2) and obese (5.0 ± 3.1) men showed insulin resistance according to HOMA-IR. Significant correlation between leptin and HOMA-IR was found (p = 0.41). BMI, BFP, VFA, WC, and WHtR positively correlated with leptin (p = 0.67, 0.75, 0.66, 0.60, 0.67, respectively) and insulin (p = 0.37, 0.40, 0.48, 0.49, 0.42, respectively), while WHR only with insulin (p = 0.43). No significant differences were found in the other adipokines. Conclusion: the use of health indicators such VFA, WC, WHR, WHtR and HOMA-IR are useful tools in the determination of health, cardio vascular and metabolic risk and are correlated with levels of leptin and insulin in the studied population

Introducción: la obesidad es la acumulación excesiva de tejido adiposo relacionada con la ingesta de alimentos y otros factores. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes, parámetros antropométricos, indicadores de salud, adipocinas y niveles de insulina en una población de jóvenes universitarios con una dieta habitual. Método: en este estudio se invitó a participar a 378 jóvenes universitarios. Debido a los criterios de inclusión y su propia decisión de participar, 90 asistieron a los estudios antropométricos y de indicadores de salud: circunferencia de cintura (WC), índice de cadera cintura (WHR), índice de cintura-talla (WHtR) y modelo homeostático de evaluación-índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR) y completaron el cuestionario de frecuencia de ingesta de alimentos. Treinta y cuatro participantes fueron seleccionados para realizar la determinación de los parámetros bioquímicos, niveles de insulina y adipocinas (leptina, IL-6, IL-8, factor de necrosis tumoral alfa [TNF- α], proteína quimioatractante de monocitos-1 [MCP-1] y factor de crecimiento hepático [HGF]). Resultados: de acuerdo con WC, WHR y WHtR (mujeres: 104 ± 20, 0,87 ± 0,08, 0,6 ± 0,13; hombres: 112 ± 10, 0,95 ± 0,09, 0,64 ± 0,06, respectivamente), la población obesa mostró riesgo cardiovascular, metabólico y para la salud. La población con sobrepeso mostró riesgo cardiometabólico. En general, la ingesta de lípidos fue superior al 30% y la grasa animal fue la más consumida. Los niveles de leptina (mujeres: 17,2 ± 9,2, 28 ± 11,3, 36,8 ± 17,8; hombres: 4,3 ± 3,6, 9,5 ± 3,1, 24,6 ± 16,4 para delgados, sobrepeso y obesos, respectivamente) e insulina (mujeres: 408 ± 182, 438 ± 187, 768 ± 167; hombres: 244 ± 88, 520 ± 256, 853 ± 590) aumentaron junto con el índice de masa corporal (BMI), porcentaje de grasa corporal (BFP), área de grasa visceral (VFA), WC, WHR y WHtR. Las mujeres delgadas (2,4 ± 1,3), con sobrepeso (2,2 ± 0,9) y obesas (4,3 ± 1,1) y los hombres con sobrepeso (2,8 ± 1,2) y obesos (5,0 ± 3,1) mostraron resistencia a la insulina de acuerdo con HOMA-IR. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre leptina y HOMA-IR (p = 0,41). BMI, BFP, VFA, WC y WHtR correlacionaron positivamente con leptina (p = 0,67, 0,75, 0,66, 0,60 y 0,67, respectivamente) e insulina (p = 0,37, 0,40, 0,48, 0,49 y 0,42, respectivamente), mientras que el WHR solo con insulina (p = 0,43). No se encontraron diferencias signifi cativas en las otras adipocinas. Conclusión: el uso de indicadores de salud como VFA, WC, WHR, WHtR y HOMA-IR es una herramienta útil en la determinación del riesgo metabólico, cardiovascular y de salud, y dichos indicadores correlacionaron con los niveles de leptina e insulina en la población estudiada

Correlation between diet and gut bacteria in a population of young adults.

Dietary habits strongly influence gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to compare and correlated the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla, some representative bacteria of these phyla such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium leptum and Bifidobacterium longum as a member of Actinobacteria phylum in young adults with their food intake. Faecal samples used came from lean subjects (BMI = 19.83 ± 0.94 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI = 27.17 ± 0.51 kg/m(2)) and obese (BMI = 41.33 ± 5.25 kg/m(2)). There were significant differences in total studied gut microbiota between the overweight and lean groups. Members of the Firmicutes phylum, and Bifidobacterium longum, were more abundant in the lean group. The results suggest that diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids and fibre promote an abundant population of beneficial bacteria such as B. longum and Bacteroidetes. However, it has been considered that the results may be biased due to the size of the individuals studied; therefore the results could be only valid for the studied population.