Data for the synthesis, characterization, and use of xerogels as adsorbents for the removal of fluoride and bromide in aqueous phase.

Groundwater with high fluoride concentrations has been recognized as one of the serious concerns worldwide. Besides, the fluoride released into the groundwater by slow dissolution of fluoride-containing rocks, various industries also contribute to fluoride pollution [1]. Excess intake of fluoride leads to various health problems such as dental and skeletal fluorosis, cancer, infertility, brain damage, thyroid diseases, etc. [2]. On the other hand, bromide is naturally present in surface and groundwater sources. However, during the chlorination process, bromide can be oxidized to HOBr, which can react with natural organic matter in water to form brominated organic disinfection byproducts, which are very harmful to human health [3]. Among various methods for water treatment, the adsorption process has been widely used and seems to be an efficient and attractive method for the removal of many contaminants in water, such as anions, in terms of cost, simplicity of design, and operation [4], [5]. In the past years, xerogels and carbon xerogels, a new type of adsorbents, which are synthesized by the sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde, have gained attention due to their moldable texture and chemical properties [6]. Moreover, melamine addition in resorcinol and formaldehyde xerogels adds basic groups on its surface, favouring Lewis acid-base interactions between xerogels and other components by adsorption [7]. In this data article, the synthesis of three resorcinol-formaldehyde (R/F) xerogels with an increasing amount of melamine (M) was carried out by colloidal polymerization (molar ratios of M/R = 0.5, M/R = 1.0, and M/R = 2.0). Additionally, samples of M/R = 0.5 xerogel were carbonized at 400, 450, and 550 °C under an inert atmosphere to increase their specific area. Organic and carbon xerogels obtained were characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM, Physisorption of N2, and the pH at the point of zero charge (pHPZC). All organic xerogels were also tested as adsorbents on the removal of fluoride and bromide ions from aqueous phase. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Radke-Prausnitz isotherm models were applied to interpret the experimental data from adsorption equilibrium. Additionally, the data of the mass of the xerogel needed to remove fluoride and bromide from groundwater and fulfill the maximum concentration levels are also included.

Bioaccessibility of fat-soluble bioactive compounds (FSBC) from avocado fruit as affected by ripening and FSBC composition in the food matrix.

Dried fruit pulp and oil from avocado fruit (Persea americana, Cv Hass) at five different ripening stages were digested in vitro to determine the bioaccessibility of several fat-soluble bioactive compounds (FSBC). Viscosity, particle size, ζ-potential and lipolysis were evaluated and related to the bioaccessibility of the tested compounds. Fatty acids were more bioaccessible than carotenoids and tocopherols. The viscosity of gastrointestinal medium was related to the initial fruit firmness and modulated the bioaccessibility of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and luteoxanthin, while particle size and ζ-potential influenced the bioaccessibility of fatty acids. Lipolysis degree highly altered the bioaccessibility of luteoxanthin, pheophytin b, and α-tocopherol indicating that these digestive events are highly involved in the bioaccessibility of FSBC. In summary, FSBC from avocado fruit are highly bioaccessible, but their bioaccessibility depends on fruit ripening stage and FSBC type and concentration.

Efecto del Programa de Estabilización Nutricional "ESNUT" en el consumo alimenticio, IMC, composición corporal y actividad física en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos / Effect of the "ESNUT" Nutritional Stabilization Program on food consumption, BMI, body composition and physical activity in Mexican university students

INTRODUCCIÓN: La encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en México (ENSANUT-2018) señala que existe un 38.4% de sobrepeso/obesidad en la población entre 10-24 años, lo que favorece las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT). En jóvenes universitarios los factores que mayormente contribuyen son la alimentación y la actividad física inadecuadas. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención (Programa de Estabilización Nutricional "ESNUT") en la composición corporal, índice de masa corporal, nivel de actividad física, consumo de energía y macronutrientes en estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso. MÉTODOS: Diseño. Cuasiexperimental con seguimiento, de agosto de 2017 a mayo de 2018 en un Centro de Salud Universitario (CSU). Población. Estudiantes de 17 a 21 años (ambos sexos), sin condiciones de salud, gestación, lactancia, deporte de alto rendimiento o patología que impactaran en el estado nutricional, que firmaron el consentimiento informado. Los grupos experimental (GE, n=23) y control (GC, n=35) se conformaron por asignación aleatoria y ciego sencillo. Variables. Independiente: Programa ESNUT. Dependientes: Kilocalorías (Kcal), macronutrientes, masa grasa (%MG), masa músculo-esquelética (%MME), índice de masa corporal (lMC) y nivel de actividad física (NAF). Instrumentos: Bioimpedanciómetro Inbody 230; estadímetro digital SECA 274; Encuesta de nivel de actividad física (NAF); Recordatorio de 24 horas (R24), réplicas plásticas de alimentos. Análisis. Estadística descriptiva, U de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, ANOVA, t de student y r de Pearson, con significancia p≤0.05. RESULTADOS: El 50% del GE padecía SP/OB. Mejoró la adecuación de ingesta energética y de macronutrientes, se redujo %MG, se incrementó %MME y NAF. DISCUSIÓN: El SP/OB y bajo peso decrementaron, asociados a mejoras dietética y de NAF, similarmente a intervenciones educativo-nutricionales efectivas en la prevención de malnutrición y por consiguiente de ECNT en universitarios latinoamericanos. CONCLUSIONES: El programa "ESNUT" tuvo efecto de mejora en la ingesta, composición corporal y NAF. Deben fomentarse estilos de vida saludables en el ámbito universitario

INTRODUCTION: According to the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT), overweight/obesity was 38.4% in the population between 10-24 years of age in Mexico, which bolsters chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD). In university students, inadequate diet and physical activity contribute to this. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the Nutritional Stabilization Program "ESNUT" on body composition, BodyMass Index, energy and macronutrient intakes and on the level of physical activity in new university students. METHODS: Design. Quasi-experimental with follow-up carried out from August 2017 to May 2018 in a University Health Center (CSU). Population. Students of both sexes, from 17 to 21 years old, non-pregnant, lactation, high-performance sports, pathology or health condition impacting their nutritional status, who signed the informed consent. The experimental (EG, n=23) and control (CG, n=35) groups were made up of randomized and single-blind allocation. Variables Independent: ESNUT Program. Dependent: Kilocalories (Kcal) and macronutrients, fat mass (%FM), musculoskeletal mass(% MM), body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level (PAL). Instruments: Inbody 230 Bioimpedance Meter; SECA274 digital stadiometer; PAL survey; 24-hour reminder (R24) and plastic food replicas. Analysis. Descriptive statistics and tests: Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U ranges, ANOVA, student's tand Pearson's r, with significance p≤0.05. RESULTS: 50% GE suffered from OW/OB. The adequacy of energy and micronutrients, intake improved,% FM was reduced, % MM and PAL increased. DISCUSSION: OW/OB and low weight were reduced associated with improvements in diet and PAL, similarly to effective educational-nutritional interventions in the prevention of malnutrition and, consequently, of CNCD in Latin American university students. CONCLUSIONS: The "ESNUT" program had an improvement effect on intake, body composition and PAL. Healthy lifestyles should be promoted in the university setting

Level and Noise Sources in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Reference Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the level of environmental and periauricular noise in preterm babies and identify the sources generating noise in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -NICU- of a reference hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional and analytic study of the measurement of the level of environmental noise in five critical areas of the NICU, according with the method of measurement of noise from fixed sources by the Mexican Official Norm and periauricular at 20 cm from the preterm patient's pinna. The measurements were carried out during three representative days of a week, morning, evening and nocturnal shifts. A STEREN 400 sound level meter was used with 30 to 130 dB range of measurement and a rate of 0.5 s. RESULTS: The average level of periauricular noise (64.5±1.91dB) was higher than the environmental noise (63.3±1.74 dB) during the days and shifts evaluated. The principal noise sources were activities carried out by the staff, like the nursing change of shift and conversations by the staff, which raised the level continuously or intermittently, operation of vital support equipment (alarms) and incidences (clashing of baby bottles and moving furnishings) produced sudden rises of noise. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental and periauricular noise in NICU exceeds by two and almost three times the 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night from the norm in hospitals. It is necessary to implement permanent noise reduction programs to prevent sequelae in the preterm infant and professional burnout in the nursing staff.

Level and Noise Sources in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Reference Hospital

Objective. Determine the level of environmental and periauricular noise in preterm babies and identify the sources generating noise in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -NICU- of a reference hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Methods. Cross-sectional and analytic study of the measurement of the level of environmental noise in five critical areas of the NICU, according with the method of measurement of noise from fixed sources by the Mexican Official Norm and periauricular at 20 cm from the preterm patient's pinna. The measurements were carried out during three representative days of a week, morning, evening and nocturnal shifts. A STEREN 400 sound level meter was used with 30 to 130 dB range of measurement and a rate of 0.5 s. Results. The average level of periauricular noise (64.5±1.91dB) was higher than the environmental noise (63.3±1.74 dB) during the days and shifts evaluated. The principal noise sources were activities carried out by the staff, like the nursing change of shift and conversations by the staff, which raised the level continuously or intermittently, operation of vital support equipment (alarms) and incidences (clashing of baby bottles and moving furnishings) produced sudden rises of noise. Conclusions. Environmental and periauricular noise in NICU exceeds by two and almost three times the 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night from the norm in hospitals. It is necessary to implement permanent noise reduction programs to prevent sequelae in the preterm infant and professional burnout in the nursing staff

Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de ruido ambiental y periauricular en prematuros e identificar las fuentes generadoras de ruido en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales -UCIN- de un hospital de referencia de San Luis Potosí, México. Métodos. Estudio transversal y analítico de la medición del nivel de ruido ambiental en cinco áreas críticas de la UCIN de acuerdo al método de medición de ruido de fuentes fijas de la Norma Oficial Mexicana y periauricular a 20 cm del pabellón auricular del prematuro. Las mensuraciones se realizaron en tres días representativos de una semana, turnos matutino, vespertino y nocturno. Se utilizó un sonómetro STEREN 400 con rango de medición de 30 a 130 dB y una frecuencia de 0.5 s. Resultados. El promedio del nivel de ruido periauricular (64.5±1.91dB) fue mayor que el ambiental (63.3±1.74 dB) en los días y turnos evaluados. Las principales fuentes de ruido fueron las actividades realizadas por el personal como entrega de turno de enfermería y conversación del personal que elevó el nivel de manera continua o intermitente, el funcionamiento del equipo de soporte vital (alarmas) e incidencias (choque de biberones y mover mobiliario) produjeron elevaciones súbitas de ruido. Conclusiones. El ruido ambiental y periauricular en UCIN sobrepasa al doble y casi al triple los 45 dB en el día y 35 dB por la noche de la normativa en hospitales. Es necesario implementar programas permanentes de reducción de ruido para prevenir secuelas en el prematuro y desgaste profesional en el personal de enfermería.

Objetivo. Determinar o nível de ruído ambiental e periatrial em bebês prematuros e identificar as fontes geradoras de ruído na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal -UTIN- de um hospital de referência em San Luis Potosí, México. Métodos. Estudo transversal e analítico da medição do nível de ruído ambiental em cinco áreas críticas da UTIN de acordo com o método de medição de ruído de fontes fixas do Padrão Oficial Mexicano e periauricular a 20 cm da orelha do prematuro. As medições foram realizadas em três dias representativos da semana, turnos matutinos, vespertino e noturno. Foi utilizado um medidor de nível de som STEREN 400 com faixa de medição de 30 a 130 dB e frequência de 0.5 s. Resultados. O nível médio de ruído periatrial (64.5±1.91 dB) foi superior ao ruído ambiente (63.3±1.74 dB) nos dias e turnos avaliados. As principais fontes de ruído foram as atividades realizadas pela equipe, como entrega do plantão de enfermagem e conversas com a equipe que aumentavam o nível de forma contínua ou intermitente, o funcionamento do equipamento de suporte de vida (alarmes) e incidentes (choque de mamadeira e movimentação de móveis) produziu picos repentinos de ruído. Conclusões. O ruído ambiental e periatrial na UTIN é mais do que o dobro e quase o triplo dos 45 dB diurnos e 35 dB noturnos dos regulamentos dos hospitais. Faz-se necessária a implantação de programas permanentes de redução de ruído para prevenir sequelas em prematuros e esgotamento profissional na equipe de enfermagem.

Relationship between the firmness of Golden Delicious apples and the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits and their pectin during development and ripening.

Firmness at harvest determines the postharvest storability and quality of apples. The climate change has altered the physiological processes of fruits and the reliability of ripening indicators typically used to determine the harvest time, compromising fruit firmness. In this study, 'Golden Delicious' apples were harvested at several developmental/ripening stages (107, 122, 137, 152 and 167 days after full bloom, DAFB) and evaluated for physicochemical attributes, which were correlated with fruit firmness. The 167 DAFB fruit corresponded to fruit at the commercial harvest. Fruit harvested at 107 and 122 DAFB did not develop the characteristics of ripe fruit while fruit harvested after 137 DAFB ripened normally. Fruit at commercial harvest showed low firmness. The changes of fruit weight, diameter, height, tristimulus color (L* values) as well as the content of total soluble solids and moisture in fruit correlated well with fruit firmness (r values from -0.76 to -0.97). The changes of pectin content, degree of esterification, molecular weight and content of glucose and galactose in pectin showed a positive relationship with firmness (r = 0.62-0.94). The content of protein, galacturonic acid and mineral elements in pectin correlated negatively with firmness (r -0.66 to -0.99). The results demonstrated that commercial harvest was delayed 30 days, compromising fruit firmness. Some underestimated ripening indicators may help in determining the harvest time of apples.

Atole de amaranto y su efecto potencial sobre la composición corporal de adultas mayores / Amaranth drink and its potential effect on the body composition of older adults

Introducción: El envejecimiento implica disminución de las capacidades físicas asociado a un deficit nutricional por un bajo aporte de calorías y/o proteínas que disminuyen la masa muscular. El desarrollo de dietas que incorporen alimentos funcionales como el amaranto, cuyo contenido de proteína es muy similar y comparable a la caseína, podrían mejorar el estado nutricio de este grupo de población. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de una bebida "atole" a base de amaranto sobre la composición corporal de mujeres mayores utilizando bioimpedancia. Métodos: Se incluyeron 26 mujeres mayores de 60 años suplementadas por 90 días con atole estandarizado con 22.5g de amaranto. Se aplicó la prueba estadística t de Student para muestras relacionadas con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. La evaluación se realizó basal, intermedia día 30 y final día 90. Resultados: En 90 días mostraron disminución de peso »0.97 ± 1.9kg, masa grasa »2 ± 2.0kg (p £ 0.05) y aumento de masa magra »1.20 ±1.8 Kg (p £ 0.05). Discusión: El Amaranto tiene gran potencial como cultivo sostenible con alta incidencia en la seguridad alimentaria, particularmente en grupos vulnerables donde la desnutrición es causa primordial de la fragilidad en el adulto mayor. Conclusiones: Se sugiere que el atole de amaranto favorece la ganancia de masa muscular en adultos mayores. Son necesarias futuras investigaciones sobre los efectos del consumo de amaranto en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la masa muscular

Background: Aging implies a decrease in physical abilities associated with a nutritional deficit due to a low consumption of calories and / or proteins that decrease muscle mass. The development of diets that incorporate functional foods such as amaranth, whose protein content is very similar and comparable to casein, could improve the nutritional status of this population group. Objetive: in this work was to assess the nutritional effect of consumption of a drink made of amaranth in antropometric parameters of older adults. Materials and methods: Twenty-six adults older over 60 years were supplemented with "Atole" amaranth. Body composition was assessed by impedance at 0, 30 and 90 days before, during and after of supplementation. Results: After 90 days, the weight and fat mass decreased » 0.97 ± 1.9kg and » 2 ± 2.0kg (p£0.05), respectively. However, lean mass increased »1.20 ±1.8 Kg (p£0.005). Conclusions: Se sugiere que el atole de amaranto favorece la ganancia de masa muscular en adultos mayores. Future research is needed on the effects of amaranth consumption on the development and maintenance of muscle mass

Representations by Caregivers, Teachers, and Children on Food, Nutrition, Health, and School Breakfast Contributions for the "ESNUT" Nutritional Stabilization Program / Representaciones de cuidadores, profesores y niños sobre alimentación, nutrición, salud y desayunos escolares / Representações de cuidadores, professores e crianças sobre alimentação, nutrição, saúde e café da manhã escolares

Objective.This work sought to determine the social representations conferred by caregivers, teachers, and children to food, health, and nutrition and the school breakfast program for children from three to seven years of age in the city of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, through identifying a) knowledge and practices and b) meanings attributed on health and nutrition of children from three to seven years of age and on the school breakfast program. Methods. This was a qualitative health study. The sample included 33 mothers, 3 grandmothers, 1 father, 30 children from 3 to 7 years of age, and 8 teachers who signed an informed consent. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview and treated through content analysis modality thematic analysis. Results. The analysis yielded the categories: knowledge on food, the health-feeding relation, customs and practices of the child's feeding, and meanings of the school breakfast program. Conclusion. On the reflection on the representations of the different players included in the school breakfast program, elements become manifest that would support an educational intervention by nursing, which would have to be based on the family as the central figure to provide good nutrition and teach good habits.

Objetivo.Determinar las representaciones sociales atribuidas por cuidadores, profesores y niños a la alimentación, salud y nutrición, así como al programa de desayunos escolares para niños de tres a siete años en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México, mediante la identificación de saberes y prácticas, por un lado, y de los significados atribuidos a la salud y nutrición de los niños de tres a siete años y al Programa de Desayunos Escolares, por otro. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo en salud. Muestra de 33 madres, 3 abuelas, 1 padre, 30 niños de 3 a 7 años y 8 profesores. Todos firmaron consentimiento informado. Los datos se recolectaron mediante una entrevista semi-estructurada y se trataron mediante análisis de contenido modalidad análisis temático. Resultados. Del análisis emergieron las categorías: saberes sobre alimentación, la relación salud-alimentación, costumbres y prácticas de la alimentación del niño y significados del programa de desayunos escolares. Conclusión. En la reflexión sobre las representaciones de los diferentes actores que se incluyen en el programa de desayunos escolares se ponen de manifiesto elementos que apoyarían una intervención educativa de enfermería que tendría que estar fundamentada en la familia como figura central para otorgar una alimentación adecuada -sana- y para enseñar buenos hábitos.

Objetivo.Determinar as representações sociais atribuídas por cuidadores, professores e crianças na alimentação, saúde e nutrição e programa de café da manhã escolares para crianças de três a sete anos na cidade de San Luis Potosí, México, através de: a) Identificar os saberes e práticas b) Significados atribuídos sobre saúde e nutrição das crianças de três a sete anos e sobre o Programa de Café da Manhã Escolares. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo em saúde. Amostra de 33 mães, 3 avós, 1 pai, 30 crianças de 3 a 7 anos e 8 professores que assinaram consentimento informado. Os dados se coletaram mediante uma entrevista semiestruturada e foram tratados mediante análise de conteúdo modalidade análise temático. Resultados. Da análise emergiram as categorias: saberes sobre alimentação, a relação saúde-alimentação, costumes e práticas da alimentação da criança e significados do programa de café da manhã escolares. Conclusão. Na reflexão sobre as representações dos diferentes atores que se incluíram no programa de café da manhã escolares se põem de manifesto elementos que apoiariam uma intervenção educativa de enfermagem que teria que estar fundamentada na família como figura central para outorgar a boa alimentação e para ensinar bons hábitos.

Representations by Caregivers, Teachers, and Children on Food, Nutrition, Health, and School Breakfast Contributions for the "ESNUT" Nutritional Stabilization Program.

OBJECTIVE: This work sought to determine the social representations conferred by caregivers, teachers, and children to food, health, and nutrition and the school breakfast program for children from three to seven years of age in the city of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, through identifying a) knowledge and practices and b) meanings attributed on health and nutrition of children from three to seven years of age and on the school breakfast program. METHODS: This was a qualitative health study. The sample included 33 mothers, 3 grandmothers, 1 father, 30 children from 3 to 7 years of age, and 8 teachers who signed an informed consent. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview and treated through content analysis modality thematic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis yielded the categories: knowledge on food, the health-feeding relation, customs and practices of the child's feeding, and meanings of the school breakfast program. CONCLUSION: On the reflection on the representations of the different players included in the school breakfast program, elements become manifest that would support an educational intervention by nursing, which would have to be based on the family as the central figure to provide good nutrition and teach good habits.

Effect of ripening and heat processing on the physicochemical and rheological properties of pepper pectins.

Water-, chelator-, and alkali-soluble pectins were isolated from raw and heat-processed Jalapeño peppers (green and red) and their physiochemical and rheological properties were determined. The yield, tristimulus color, degree of methyl esterification, monosaccharide composition, molecular weights distribution, and protein content depended on ripening and heat processing. The viscosity properties of pectins were independent of ripening. The water-soluble pectin was the most abundant pectin. Pectins from grilled peppers showed the lowest L* values. The alkali-soluble pectin showed the highest protein content. The content of xylose, rhamnose, and mannose in pectins was highly altered by tested factors. The degree of methyl esterification of pectins ranged from 26.8 to 91.6%. The peak Mw of the main fraction of tested pectins was sequentially reduced by ripening and heat processing. Pectins from raw peppers showed the best viscosity properties.

The hospitalized preterm newborn: The significance of parents' participation in the Neonatal Unit / O neonato prematuro hospitalizado: significado da participacao na Unidade Neonatal para os pais / El neonato prematuro hospitalizado: significado para los padres de su participacion en la Unidad Neonatal

OBJECTIVE: to identify and analyze the significance of participation for parents in a Neonatal Unit (NU) of a maternity hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. METHOD: a qualitative study with 20 parents of both sexes, between 18 and 39 years of age, with a preterm hospitalized child. A content analysis using a thematic approach was used for information processing. RESULTS: the significance of: a) the NICU as a place of suffering and waiting, b) dealing with the child's admittance, c) being excluded from the hospitalized child's care and d) being aware of inadequacies in the child's care. CONCLUSION: parents deal with their suffering and experience barriers that impede their participation; they respond to the medical hierarchy that limits participation, even when it goes against their natural role as parents. The caregiving philosophy needs to be transformed so that parents are considered people with the right to participate and to be competent in caring for their child. .

OBJETIVO: identificar e analisar os significados que têm a participação na unidade neonatal para os pais, num hospital/maternidade de San Luis Potosí, México. MÉTODO: estudo qualitativo, realizado com 20 pais, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre 18 e 39 anos, baseado no referencial participação dos pais no cuidado do filho prematuro hospitalizado. Para o tratamento da informação, foi realizada análise de conteúdo, na sua modalidade temática. RESULTADOS: os significados encontrados foram: a) a unidade neonatal como espaço de sofrimento e de espera; b) enfrentando a internação do filho; c) sendo excluído do cuidado do filho hospitalizado; d) percebendo-se sem competências para o cuidado do filho. CONCLUSÃO: os pais enfrentam o seu sofrimento, encontram barreiras que lhes impedem participar e, ao se assumirem como estando abaixo da hierarquia médica, sua participação torna-se ainda mais limitada, mesmo no seu papel natural de pais. É necessário transformar a filosofia assistencial, com base na concepção dos pais como indivíduos com direito a participar e a serem competentes no cuidado do filho. .

OBJETIVO: identificar y analizar los significados para los padres de su participación en una unidad neonatal de un hospital/maternidad en San Luis Potosí, México. MÉTODO: estudio cualitativo con 20 padres de ambos sexos, entre 18 y 39 años, basado en referencial participación de los padres con hijo prematuro hospitalizado. Se utilizó análisis de contenido modalidad análisis temático para tratamiento de la información. RESULTADOS: los significados: a) la unidad neonatal como un espacio de sufrimiento y espera b) afrontando el internamiento del hijo c) siendo excluido del cuidado del hijo hospitalizado d) descubriéndose sin competencias para el cuidado del hijo. CONCLUSIÓN: los padres afrontan su sufrimiento y experiencian barreras que les impide la participación, se asumen bajo la jerarquía médica limitando su participación aún contra su rol natural como padres. Se requiere transformar la filosofía asistencial concibiendo a los padres como personas con derecho de participar y ser competentes en el cuidado del hijo. .

The hospitalized preterm newborn: the significance of parents' participation in the Neonatal Unit.

OBJECTIVE: to identify and analyze the significance of participation for parents in a Neonatal Unit (NU) of a maternity hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. METHOD: a qualitative study with 20 parents of both sexes, between 18 and 39 years of age, with a preterm hospitalized child. A content analysis using a thematic approach was used for information processing. RESULTS: the significance of: a) the NICU as a place of suffering and waiting, b) dealing with the child's admittance, c) being excluded from the hospitalized child's care and d) being aware of inadequacies in the child's care. CONCLUSION: parents deal with their suffering and experience barriers that impede their participation; they respond to the medical hierarchy that limits participation, even when it goes against their natural role as parents. The caregiving philosophy needs to be transformed so that parents are considered people with the right to participate and to be competent in caring for their child.

Neonatal pain relief: Meanings attributed by staff in a Neonatal Unit

Diariamente los neonatos internados en la Unidad Neonatal son expuestos entre 0 a 53 procedimientos, la tercera parte no reciben analgesia aun cuando 12 de ellos son reportados como muy dolorosos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo que tuvo como objetivo aprender los significados para el equipo de salud acerca del dolor neonatal. A través de un muestreo teórico se entrevistaron 14 profesionales que trabajan en una Unidad Neonatal de un hospital general. Mediante análisis de contenido, modalidad de análisis temático se obtuvieron los significados. Resultados (significados): 1. Causar un dolor necesario 2. Aliviar el dolor del neonato 3. Participación de la madre en el alivio del dolor. Se concluye que para los profesionales de la salud, el dolor neonatal es inherente al tratamiento médico y de enfermería. Las ideas se relacionan con el paradigma de su formación profesional. Es necesario sensibilizarlos para la prevención y manejo del dolor de los neonatos que atienden.

Every day neonates are exposed from 0 to 53 procedures. A third does not receive any analgesia even when 12 of the procedures are reported as very painful. We conducted a descriptive study of qualitative approach, using content analysis in the form of thematic analysis. The aim was to discover the meanings of neonatal pain from the health professionals in the Neonatal Unit of regional coverage. Through theoretical sampling, 14 professionals were selected. Results: 1.Causing a necessary pain. 2. Healing pain in the neonate. 3. Mother's participation for pain relief. Conclusions: Neonatal pain is considered inherent in medical treatment and nursing. The ideas of analgesia to newborns admitted in the Neonatal Unit are related to the dominant paradigm in vocational training. It is necessary to educate and sensitize the medical and nursing community regarding the prevention and management of pain in newborns admitted in the Neonatal Unit.

Optimización de la producción de conidia sumergidas de Lecanicillium lecanii (Fungi: Hypocreales: Moniliaceae) por medio de un experimento de optimización / Optimization of submerged conidia production Lecanicillium lecanii (Fungi: Hypocreales: Moniliaceae) through an optimization experiment

Cada vez se hace más importante el estudio de controladores biológicos para las plagas que se presentan en los diversos cultivos. El hongo Lecanicillium lecanii se construye en un agente de control biológico, cuyo uso puede aplicarse a la regulación de insectos chupadores que originan grandes pérdidas a los cultivos. En esta investigación, se optimizaron los niveles de medio de cultivo y cantidad de inóculo necesario para la producción de conidia en dos tiempos de L. lecanii, con la ayuda de un diseño compuesto central para superficie de respuesta. La mayor concentración de conidia (8.88 x 108) se obtiene con 0.8 x 106 esp como inóculo en 11.36 ml de medio de cultivo. En la superficie de respuesta, se observa que la variable respuesta producción de esporas es directamente proporcional a la cantidad de medio de cultivo y no a la cantidad de inóculo.

Every time is most important to study the biological controllers against plagues that attack different crops. The fungus Lecanicillium lecanii is a biological controller taht can be used as a regulator of plantsucking insects that cause severe losses to crops. The levels of culture media and the necessary inoculants quantity for the production of conidia in two phases of L. lecanii were optimized in this research, using a central composite design for response surface. The biggest concentration of conidia (8.88 x 108) was obtained with 0.8 x 10 spores as inoculants in 1.36 ml of media culture. In the response answer it was observed that the response spore production variable is directly proportional to the quantity of media culture and not to the quantity of inoculants.