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1.
Geohealth ; 6(11): e2022GH000620, 2022 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36330077

RESUMO

As an Indigenous community of Algeria and the broader Sahel, the Tuareg hold unique ecological knowledge, which might contribute to broader models of place-based climate change impacts. Between January and April 2019, we carried out semi-structured interviews (N = 23) and focus group discussions (N = 3) in five villages of the province of Illizi, Algeria, to document the local Tuareg community's timeline and ecological calendar, both of which are instruments used to understand place-based reports of climate change impacts. The livelihoods of the Tuareg of Illizi are finely tuned to climate variability as reflected in changes reported in the cadence of events in their ecological calendar (marked by cyclical climatic and religious events). Participants reported rain and temperature irregularities and severe drought events, which have impacted their pastoral and semi-pastoral livelihoods. These reports are aligned with scientifically measured climate observations and predictions. Paradoxically, although participants recall with detail the climatic disasters that happened in the region over the last century, the Tuareg do not explicitly report decadal trends in the frequency of extreme events. The differential perception of climate change impacts across scales can have important implications for undertaking climate change adaptation measures.

2.
J Ethnobiol ; 41(3): 389-408, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35664287

RESUMO

Beyond the observation of climatic variations and their impact on livelihoods, farmers' knowledge about climate change? can help understand how rural populations respond to environmental changes and what factors should policies consider when planning rural adaptation. This study documents Sereer farmers' observations of local environmental changes in the Fatick region of Senegal and explores how the farmers use crop diversity to adapt to those changes. Their observations of environmental changes were documented through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Variations in crop diversity as well as farmers' explanations for these variations were assessed through surveys in two villages (n=126 households). Sereer farmers identify four distinct periods of similar climate trends and reported how they managed crop diversity in response to the climate variations between periods. Three management responses stand out: abandonment of long-cycle varieties during drought periods, adoption of short-cycle varieties during periods with shorter rainy seasons, and reinstating of long-cycle varieties with the return of rains. Sereer farmers consider that climate variations are important reasons to modify their crop varieties, although variety selection is also affected by other socio-economic and cultural reasons. This study illustrates the contributions that local knowledge can bring to understanding the local impact of climate change on smallholder farmers. Understanding how they use crop diversity to adapt to climate variations can be the bases of climate change adaptation policies that address local needs and constraints.

3.
Soc Nat Resour ; 30(6): 690-706, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28479670

RESUMO

We employ social network analysis (SNA) to describe the structure of subsistence fishing social networks and to explore the relation between fishers' emic perceptions of fishing expertise and their position in networks. Participant observation and quantitative methods were employed among the Tsimane' Amerindians of the Bolivian Amazonia. A multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure was used to explore the extent to which gender, kinship, and age homophilies influence the formation of fishing networks. Logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between the fishers' expertise, their socio-demographic identities, and network centrality. We found that fishing networks are gendered and that there is a positive association between fishers' expertise and centrality in networks, an association that is more striking for women than for men. We propose that a social network perspective broadens understanding of the relations that shape the intracultural distribution of fishing expertise as well as natural resource access and use.

4.
Ecol Soc ; 21(4)2016 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27774109

RESUMO

Cultural adaptation has become central in the context of accelerated global change with authors increasingly acknowledging the importance of understanding multilevel processes that operate as adaptation takes place. We explore the importance of multilevel processes in explaining cultural adaptation by describing how processes leading to cultural (mis)adaptation are linked through a complex nested hierarchy, where the lower levels combine into new units with new organizations, functions, and emergent properties or collective behaviours. After a brief review of the concept of "cultural adaptation" from the perspective of cultural evolutionary theory and resilience theory, the core of the paper is constructed around the exploration of multilevel processes occurring at the temporal, spatial, social and political scales. We do so by examining small-scale societies' case studies. In each section, we discuss the importance of the selected scale for understanding cultural adaptation and then present an example that illustrates how multilevel processes in the selected scale help explain observed patterns in the cultural adaptive process. We end the paper discussing the potential of modelling and computer simulation for studying multilevel processes in cultural adaptation.

5.
Am J Hum Biol ; 25(1): 123-30, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23180686

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Infectious disease and nutritional stress have both been associated with reductions in adult work productivity and work capacity in the context of wage labor, but less research has investigated their effects among groups relying on more traditional subsistence practices of horticulture and foraging. In this article, we examine the relations among measures of adult nutritional status (BMI, skinfold measurements, and fat-free mass) and infection (presence of soil transmitted helminth infections) and measures of adult work productivity. METHODS: As part of a larger panel study among Tsimane', a foraging-horticulturalist group in the Bolivian Amazon, health surveys, anthropometric information, and the quantity of products (both crops and game) brought into the household were collected for 320 Tsimane' adults over a four-month period in 2003. In addition, a single fecal sample was collected for a sub-sample of 86 adults. RESULTS: Our analysis shows mixed associations between either BMI or the presence of parasitism and reported adult productivity. Muscularity was not clearly related to adult productivity. In contrast, body fatness (Skinfold z-score) was inversely associated with the average quantity of fish and game brought into the household, especially for men. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the effects of adult infection and nutritional stress may be less clearly identified outside of the context of wage labor. Further research linking adult physical activity levels and metabolic rates to productivity in diverse contexts is needed.


Assuntos
Eficiência , Nível de Saúde , Helmintíase/complicações , Carne , Trabalho , Adulto , Agricultura , Animais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Bolívia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Peixes , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Masculino , Manihot , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético , Estado Nutricional , Plantago , População Rural , Dobras Cutâneas , Adulto Jovem
6.
Am J Hum Biol ; 21(5): 651-6, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19402038

RESUMO

Infectious disease, such as diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, and parasitic infections, are an important source of nutritional and energetic stress in many populations. Inspired by the research and methodological innovations of A. Roberto Frisancho, this work considers the impact of childhood environment and local disease ecology on child health and nutritional patterns among an indigenous group in lowland Bolivia. Specifically, we examine the association between soil-transmitted helminth infection, especially hookworm species, and anthropometric markers of short- and long-term nutritional status. Fecal samples, anthropometric dimensions, and health interviews were collected for 92 children ranging in age from 2.0 to 10.9 years. Microscopic examination revealed high levels of parasitic infection, with 76% of children positive for hookworm species infections (77% of girls and 74% of boys). Less common infections included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichurius trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis with only 15% of children positive for multiple-species infections. After adjusting for sex and age, no statistically significant associations were observed between helminth infections and the frequency of reported illness or anthropometric measures of nutritional status. These data demonstrate the difficulty of assessing nutritional impacts of endemic infections.


Assuntos
Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/etnologia , Helmintíase/complicações , Enteropatias Parasitárias/complicações , Animais , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Criança , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/etiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Helmintíase/etnologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/complicações , Infecções por Uncinaria/etnologia , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Lactente , Enteropatias Parasitárias/etnologia , Masculino
7.
Ann Hum Biol ; 35(3): 276-93, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18568593

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Global climate change and recent studies on early-life origins of well-being suggest that climate events early in life might affect health later in life. AIM: The study tested hypotheses about the association between the level and variability of rain and temperature early in life on the height of children and adolescents in a foraging-farming society of native Amazonians in Bolivia (Tsimane'). SUBJECT AND METHODS: Measurements were taken for 525 children aged 2-12 and 218 adolescents aged 13-23 in 13 villages in 2005. Log of standing height was regressed on mean annual level and mean intra-annual monthly coefficient of variation (CV) of rain and mean annual level of temperature during gestation, birth year, and ages 2-4. Controls include age, quinquennium and season of birth, parent's attributes, and dummy variables for surveyors and villages. RESULTS: Climate variables were only related with the height of boys age 2-12. The level and CV of rain during birth year and the CV of rain and level of temperature during ages 2-4 were associated with taller stature. There were no secular changes in temperature (1973-2005) or rain (1943-2005). CONCLUSION: The height of young females and males is well protected from climate events, but protection works less well for boys ages 2-12.


Assuntos
Estatura , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Chuva , Temperatura , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Estatura/fisiologia , Bolívia/etnologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pais , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Puberdade/fisiologia , Estações do Ano
8.
Am J Phys Anthropol ; 136(4): 478-84, 2008 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18383156

RESUMO

Immune function is a central component of maintenance effort, and it provides critical protection against the potentially life threatening effects of pathogens. However, immune defenses are energetically expensive, and the resources they consume are not available to support other activities related to growth and/or reproduction. In our study we use a life history theory framework to investigate tradeoffs between maintenance effort and growth among children in a remote area of Amazonian Bolivia. Baseline concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 309 2- to 10-year olds as an indicator of immune activation, and height was measured at baseline and three months later. Elevated CRP at baseline predicts smaller gains in height over the subsequent three months, with the costs to growth particularly high for 2- to 4-year olds and for those with low energy reserves (in the form of body fat) at the time of immunostimulation. These results provide evidence for a significant tradeoff between investment in immunity and growth in humans, and highlight an important physiological mechanism through which maintenance effort may have lasting effects on child growth and development.


Assuntos
Crescimento/fisiologia , Sistema Imunitário/fisiologia , Agricultura , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Bolívia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cultura , Feminino , Geografia , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Dobras Cutâneas , Fatores Socioeconômicos
9.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 104(15): 6134-9, 2007 Apr 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17389376

RESUMO

Culture is a critical determinant of human behavior and health, and the intergenerational transmission of knowledge regarding the use of available plant resources has historically been an essential function of culture. Local ethnobotanical knowledge is important for health and nutrition, particularly in rural low-resource settings, but cultural and economic transitions associated with globalization threaten such knowledge. This prospective study investigates the association between parental ethnobotanical knowledge and child health among the Tsimane', a horticulturalist and foraging society in Amazonian Bolivia. Anthropometric data and capillary blood samples were collected from 330 Tsimane' 2- to 10-year-olds, and mothers and fathers were interviewed to assess ethnobotanical knowledge and skills. Comprehensive measures of parental schooling, acculturation, and economic activities were also collected. Dependent variables included three measures of child health: (i) C-reactive protein, assayed in whole-blood spots as an indicator of immunostimulation; (ii) skinfold thickness, to estimate subcutaneous fat stores necessary to fuel growth and immune function; and (iii) height-for-age, to assess growth stunting. Each child health measure was associated with maternal ethnobotanical knowledge, independent of a wide range of potentially confounding variables. Each standard deviation of maternal ethnobotanical knowledge increased the likelihood of good child health by a factor of >1.5. Like many populations around the world, the Tsimane' are increasingly facing the challenges and opportunities of globalization. These results underscore the importance of local cultural factors to child health and document a potential cost if ethnobotanical knowledge is lost.


Assuntos
Etnicidade/psicologia , Etnobotânica , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Adulto , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Bolívia , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Funções Verossimilhança , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Socioeconômicos
10.
Am J Phys Anthropol ; 128(4): 906-13, 2005 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16118783

RESUMO

Infectious disease is a major global determinant of child morbidity and mortality, and energetic investment in immune defenses (even in the absence of overt disease) is an important life-history variable, with implications for human growth and development. This study uses a biomarker of immune activation (C-reactive protein) to investigate an important aspect of child health among the Tsimane', a relatively isolated Amerindian population in lowland Bolivia. Our objectives are twofold: 1) to describe the distribution of CRP by age and gender in a cross-sectional sample of 536 2-15-year-olds; and 2) to explore multiple measures of pathogen exposure, economic resources, and acculturation as predictors of increased CRP. The median blood-spot CRP concentration was 0.73 mg/l, with 12.9% of the sample having concentrations greater than 5 mg/L, indicating a relatively high degree of immune activation in this population. Age was the strongest predictor of CRP, with the highest concentrations found among younger individuals. Increased CRP was also associated with higher pathogen exposure, lower household economic resources, and increased maternal education and literacy. The measurement of CRP offers a direct, objective indicator of immune activation, and provides insights into a potentially important pathway through which environmental quality may shape child growth and health.


Assuntos
Proteína C-Reativa/imunologia , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doenças Transmissíveis/etnologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/imunologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Aculturação , Adolescente , Distribuição por Idade , Biomarcadores/sangue , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Transmissíveis/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Geografia , Humanos , Masculino , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Socioeconômicos
11.
Am J Phys Anthropol ; 126(3): 343-51, 2005 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15386291

RESUMO

This study examines patterns of growth and nutritional status of indigenous Tsimane' children under 9 years of age (n = 199 boys and 210 girls), based on a cross-sectional sample from 58 villages from the Beni Deparment of lowland Bolivia. Compared with US children, Tsimane' children are quite short, with linear growth tracking at or below the US 5th centile in both sexes. The prevalence of low height-for-age ("stunting;" HA Z-scores

Assuntos
Tamanho Corporal/etnologia , Tamanho Corporal/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil/fisiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição por Idade , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Prevalência , Distribuição por Sexo , Magreza/epidemiologia
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