Sedative and cardiovascular effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects and sedation scores following either intranasal (IN) or intramuscular (IM) administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, blinded, randomized, clinical study. ANIMALS: A total of 20 client-owned dogs scheduled for noninvasive diagnostic procedures. METHODS: Dogs were allocated to be administered dexmedetomidine 0.02 mg kg-1 IN (IN group) or IM (IM group). Sedation was scored before and at 5 minute intervals (for 45 minutes) after drug administration using a composite simple descriptive sedation scale giving a score of 0 (not sedated) to 13 (well sedated). Respiratory frequency (fR), heart rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) and noninvasive arterial blood pressure were recorded every 5 minutes for 45 minutes. Normally distributed data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post hoc Sidak's multiple comparison test. Non-normally distributed data were compared using the Scheier Ray Hare test and post hoc Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Weight, age and sex were not different between groups. Dexmedetomidine onset of action after IN administration was not shorter compared to IM administration (6.3±3.3 versus 9.4±4.6 minutes, p=0.120). Sedation score in the IN group was higher [10 (0-11)] compared to the IM group [6 (0-8)] (p<0.001). At time of peak sedation, heart rate decreased 56% from baseline values in the IM group, and 18% in the IN group. No significant differences in SpO2 and fR were found between the two groups at any time point. No undesirable effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intranasal dexmedetomidine 0.02 mg kg-1 produced effective sedation with less bradycardia and more profound sedation compared to IM administration in healthy dogs and may be considered as an alternative route for dexmedetomidine administration in dogs.

Transnasal administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol produces deep sedation in New Zealand White rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: To study the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of transnasal (TN) administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine (DEX), midazolam (MID) and butorphanol (BUT) administered through a nasal catheter to rabbits undergoing diagnostic procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional experimental study. ANIMALS: Eight healthy New Zealand White rabbit does (12 ± 1 months old, 3.5 ± 0.3 kg). METHODS: DEX (0.1 mg kg(-1)), MID (2 mg kg(-1)) and BUT (0.4 mg kg(-1)) were mixed (DMB) in a syringe and applied to the rabbits' nasopharyngeal mucosa after the accurate catheterization of one nostril. The onset, duration and quality of effects including analgesia were scored using a numeric rating scale of sedation for rabbits. Continuous monitoring of vital parameters was performed via clinical and multiparametric recording. Physiological variables were explored using repeated measures anova for parametric data or Friedman's test for non-parametric data. Tukey's or Dunn's post hoc multiple comparisons test was used depending on normality. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Loss of the righting reflex, deep sedation and profound analgesia ensued simultaneously at 1.4 ± 1.1 minutes after DMB administration. These effects lasted 45 minutes before subsiding into moderate sedation, which lasted for an additional 25 minutes. Residual central nervous system impairment persisted up to 100 minutes. Blood pressure dropped progressively over time by 50%, whereas respiratory frequency decreased by 70%, consistent with moderate hypoxemia and hypercarbia. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The TN route is a reliable and effective means for administration of DEX, MID and BUT to rabbits. The overall profound sedative effects and analgesic proprieties of the DMB combination can be selectively reversed depending on the needs of the procedure. Oxygen supplementation and careful monitoring are mandatory even in healthy subjects. The DMB protocol should be cautiously used in rabbits with cardiovascular or respiratory deficiencies.