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1.
J Biosaf Biosecur ; 3(2): 84-90, 2021 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34541465

RESUMO

Societal biosecurity - measures built into everyday society to minimize risks from pests and diseases - is an important aspect of managing epidemics and pandemics. We aimed to identify societal options for reducing the transmission and spread of respiratory viruses. We used SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) as a case study to meet the immediate need to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and eventually transition to more normal societal conditions, and to catalog options for managing similar pandemics in the future. We used a 'solution scanning' approach. We read the literature; consulted psychology, public health, medical, and solution scanning experts; crowd-sourced options using social media; and collated comments on a preprint. Here, we present a list of 519 possible measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and spread. We provide a long list of options for policymakers and businesses to consider when designing biosecurity plans to combat SARS-CoV-2 and similar pathogens in the future. We also developed an online application to help with this process. We encourage testing of actions, documentation of outcomes, revisions to the current list, and the addition of further options.

2.
PLoS One ; 16(1): e0241190, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33406134

RESUMO

Multiple national and international trends and drivers are radically changing what biological security means for the United Kingdom (UK). New technologies present novel opportunities and challenges, and globalisation has created new pathways and increased the speed, volume and routes by which organisms can spread. The UK Biological Security Strategy (2018) acknowledges the importance of research on biological security in the UK. Given the breadth of potential research, a targeted agenda identifying the questions most critical to effective and coordinated progress in different disciplines of biological security is required. We used expert elicitation to generate 80 policy-relevant research questions considered by participants to have the greatest impact on UK biological security. Drawing on a collaboratively-developed set of 450 questions, proposed by 41 experts from academia, industry and the UK government (consulting 168 additional experts) we subdivided the final 80 questions into six categories: bioengineering; communication and behaviour; disease threats (including pandemics); governance and policy; invasive alien species; and securing biological materials and securing against misuse. Initially, the questions were ranked through a voting process and then reduced and refined to 80 during a one-day workshop with 35 participants from a variety of disciplines. Consistently emerging themes included: the nature of current and potential biological security threats, the efficacy of existing management actions, and the most appropriate future options. The resulting questions offer a research agenda for biological security in the UK that can assist the targeting of research resources and inform the implementation of the UK Biological Security Strategy. These questions include research that could aid with the mitigation of Covid-19, and preparation for the next pandemic. We hope that our structured and rigorous approach to creating a biological security research agenda will be replicated in other countries and regions. The world, not just the UK, is in need of a thoughtful approach to directing biological security research to tackle the emerging issues.


Assuntos
Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Medidas de Segurança/tendências , Bioterrorismo/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Governança Clínica/tendências , Comunicação , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Políticas , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Medidas de Segurança/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
3.
Mol Syst Biol ; 16(7): e9723, 2020 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32692486

RESUMO

The fast-paced field of synthetic biology is fundamentally changing the global biosecurity framework. Current biosecurity regulations and strategies are based on previous governance paradigms for pathogen-oriented security, recombinant DNA research, and broader concerns related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Many scholarly discussions and biosecurity practitioners are therefore concerned that synthetic biology outpaces established biosafety and biosecurity measures to prevent deliberate and malicious or inadvertent and accidental misuse of synthetic biology's processes or products. This commentary proposes three strategies to improve biosecurity: Security must be treated as an investment in the future applicability of the technology; social scientists and policy makers should be engaged early in technology development and forecasting; and coordination among global stakeholders is necessary to ensure acceptable levels of risk.


Assuntos
Contenção de Riscos Biológicos/métodos , Desenvolvimento Industrial , Formulação de Políticas , Biologia Sintética/métodos , Contenção de Riscos Biológicos/normas , DNA Recombinante/genética , DNA Recombinante/metabolismo , DNA Recombinante/farmacologia , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Medicina , Organismos Geneticamente Modificados , Fatores de Risco , Ciências Sociais , Virulência/efeitos dos fármacos , Virulência/genética
4.
Elife ; 92020 05 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32479263

RESUMO

Horizon scanning is intended to identify the opportunities and threats associated with technological, regulatory and social change. In 2017 some of the present authors conducted a horizon scan for bioengineering (Wintle et al., 2017). Here we report the results of a new horizon scan that is based on inputs from a larger and more international group of 38 participants. The final list of 20 issues includes topics spanning from the political (the regulation of genomic data, increased philanthropic funding and malicious uses of neurochemicals) to the environmental (crops for changing climates and agricultural gene drives). The early identification of such issues is relevant to researchers, policy-makers and the wider public.


Assuntos
Bioengenharia , Mudança Climática , Previsões , Agricultura , Biotecnologia , Feminino , Engenharia Genética , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Masculino , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Política
6.
Elife ; 62017 11 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29132504

RESUMO

Advances in biological engineering are likely to have substantial impacts on global society. To explore these potential impacts we ran a horizon scanning exercise to capture a range of perspectives on the opportunities and risks presented by biological engineering. We first identified 70 potential issues, and then used an iterative process to prioritise 20 issues that we considered to be emerging, to have potential global impact, and to be relatively unknown outside the field of biological engineering. The issues identified may be of interest to researchers, businesses and policy makers in sectors such as health, energy, agriculture and the environment.


Assuntos
Bioengenharia/tendências , Pesquisa/tendências , Mudança Climática , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Humanos
7.
Am J Bioeth ; 17(5): 34-45, 2017 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28430065

RESUMO

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has demonstrated efficacy and is increasingly being used in the treatment of patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Despite a lack of high-quality trials to provide more information on the long-term effects of FMT, there has been great enthusiasm about the potential for expanding its applications. However, FMT presents many serious ethical and social challenges that must be addressed as part of a successful regulatory policy response. In this article, we draw on a sample of the scientific and bioethics literatures to examine clusters of ethical and social issues arising in five main areas: (1) informed consent and the vulnerability of patients; (2) determining what a "suitable healthy donor" is; (3) safety and risk; (4) commercialization and potential exploitation of vulnerable patients; and (5) public health implications. We find that these issues are complex and worthy of careful consideration by health care professionals. Desperation of a patient should not be the basis for selecting treatment with FMT, and the patient's interests should always be of paramount concern. Authorities must prioritize development of appropriate and effective regulation of FMT to safeguard patients and donors, promote further research into safety and efficacy, and avoid abuse of the treatment.


Assuntos
Temas Bioéticos , Infecções por Clostridium/terapia , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal/ética , Políticas , Controle Social Formal , Beneficência , Análise Ética , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Saúde Pública , Risco , Doadores de Tecidos
9.
Health Care Anal ; 24(3): 260-77, 2016 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26297608

RESUMO

In its governance activities for genetic resources, the international community has adopted various approaches to their ownership, including: free access; common heritage of mankind; intellectual property rights; and state sovereign rights. They have also created systems which combine elements of these approaches. While governance of plant and animal genetic resources is well-established internationally, there has not yet been a clear approach selected for human genetic resources. Based on assessment of the goals which international governance of human genetic resources ought to serve, and the implications for how they will be accessed and utilised, it is argued that common heritage of mankind will be the most appropriate approach to adopt to their ownership/control. It does this with the aim of stimulating discussion in this area and providing a starting point for deeper consideration of how a common heritage of mankind, or similar, regime for human genetic resources would function and be implemented.


Assuntos
Genes , Pesquisa em Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Propriedade Intelectual , Cooperação Internacional , Propriedade/legislação & jurisprudência , Biotecnologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Patentes como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência
10.
Nurs Econ ; 34(6): 303-6, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29975493

RESUMO

Ambulatory care registered nurses (RNs) have a pivotal role in educating, encouraging, motivating, and supporting patients to be engaged in their care and achieve their health care goals. To improve health outcomes, patients need to be engaged in attaining these goals. RNs are instrumental in this process and well-controlled studies will demonstrate their impact on helping patient's engage in their care.


Assuntos
Assistência Ambulatorial/psicologia , Satisfação no Emprego , Papel do Profissional de Enfermagem/psicologia , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem/psicologia , Participação do Paciente/psicologia , Adulto , Competência Clínica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
12.
Nurs Econ ; 33(3): 125-31; quiz 132, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26259336

RESUMO

Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) are integral to the provision of quality, cost-effective health care throughout the continuum of care. To promote job satisfaction and ultimately decrease turnover, an APRN incentive plan based on productivity and quality was formulated. Clinical productivity in the incentive plan was measured by national benchmarks for work relative value units for nonphysician providers. After the first year of implementation, APRNs were paid more for additional productivity and quality and the institution had an increase in patient visits and charges. The incentive plan is a win-win for hospitals that employ APRNs.


Assuntos
Prática Avançada de Enfermagem/economia , Planos para Motivação de Pessoal/economia , Melhoria de Qualidade/economia , Salários e Benefícios/economia , Educação Continuada em Enfermagem , Humanos , Satisfação no Emprego , Satisfação do Paciente , Reorganização de Recursos Humanos , Estados Unidos
13.
J Nurs Adm ; 43(10): 524-9, 2013 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24061585

RESUMO

Nurse residency programs (NRPs) are an effective mechanism for transitioning newly licensed registered nurses (NLRNs) to practice. No studies have investigated how experienced nurses view NLRN performance after NRPs. The purpose of this quality initiative was to identify experienced nurses' satisfaction with NLRN proficiency before and after implementation of an NRP using the Nursing Practice Readiness Tool. Findings indicate that experienced nurses are more satisfied with the performance of NLRNs after the new nurse participated in an NRP.


Assuntos
Competência Clínica , Educação Continuada em Enfermagem/organização & administração , Capacitação em Serviço/organização & administração , Internato não Médico/organização & administração , Satisfação no Emprego , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar/psicologia , Desenvolvimento de Pessoal/organização & administração , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos
14.
J Med Ethics ; 38(3): 187-9, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21947806

RESUMO

There are several good reasons for the UK Department of Health to recommend the appraisal of bevacizumab for the treatment of eye conditions by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. These reasons will extend to other drugs when similar situations arise in the future.


Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Degeneração Macular Exsudativa/tratamento farmacológico , Degeneração Macular Exsudativa/economia , Academias e Institutos , Inibidores da Angiogênese/economia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/economia , Bevacizumab , Aprovação de Drogas , Indústria Farmacêutica/ética , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Legislação de Medicamentos , Qualidade de Vida , Ranibizumab
15.
Langmuir ; 26(19): 15486-93, 2010 Oct 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20828171

RESUMO

Neutron reflectometry has been used to determine the interface structure and swelling of thin polymer films, when annealed in contact with a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs). By choosing immiscible polymer/IL combinations, we have established that thin polymer films can be annealed for several hours in contact with ILs at temperatures well above the glass transition temperature and that this nonsolvent annealing environment can be exploited to direct self-assembly in polymer films. The ingress of IL into polymer films was quantified in terms of the swelling up to 10%. The polymer/IL interfacial width generally also increased from 0.9 nm up to ∼3 nm, but there was remarkably little correlation between interfacial width and swelling. For one combination of polymer and IL (deuterated PMMA and Bmim-BF(4)) the interfacial width decreased slightly with increasing temperature, consistent with LCST behavior for this system. All of the ILs tested had a profound influence the distribution of carboxy-end-functionalized deuterated polystyrene, "dPS-COOH", in blended films with polystyrene homopolymers. The ILs promoted dPS-COOH adsorption at the film/IL interface and the simultaneous rapid desorption at the film silicon-oxide interface. The rate of desorption was found to correlate with the swelling behavior of the polymer with respect to the IL anion species: PF(6)(-) < Br(-) < Cl(-) < BF(4)(-), suggesting that the polymer films are plasticized by the IL as it penetrates the film.

16.
Nurs Econ ; 28(1): 58-62, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20306882

RESUMO

Advanced practice nurses (APNs) are integral to cost-effective delivery of health care in large health care organizations. Development of the leadership position of director of advanced practice nurses in a large teaching institution provides leadership to APNs in various settings, contributes to staff satisfaction, facilitates increased professional growth, and provides improved quality and fiscal outcomes. Job satisfaction, productivity, accountability, and communication may be enhanced through implementation of the role of director of advanced practice nursing and a committee structure of APNs, as was found in this academic health system.


Assuntos
Prática Avançada de Enfermagem/organização & administração , Enfermeiros Administradores , Papel do Profissional de Enfermagem , Eficiência Organizacional , Humanos , Reembolso de Seguro de Saúde , Sistemas Multi-Institucionais , Ohio , Desenvolvimento de Programas
17.
Eur J Dev Res ; 22(1): 3-9, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28867877
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