Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire in Colombia / Propiedades psicosométricas del Cuestionario de Fusión Cognitiva en Colombia

Abstract The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) is a recently published measure of cogni tive fusion - a key construct in the model of psychopathology of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). This study presents the psychometric properties and factor structure data of a Spanish translation of the CFQ in Colombia. Three samples with a total of 1,763 participants were analyzed. The Spanish CFQ showed psychometric properties very similar to the ones obtained in the original version. Internal consistency across the different samples was good (Cronbach's alpha between .89 and .93). The one-factor model found in the original scale showed a good fit to the data. Measurement invariance was also found across sample and gen-der. The mean score of the clinical sample on the CFQ was significantly higher than the scores of the nonclinical samples. CFQ scores were significantly related to experiential avoidance, emotional symptoms, mindfulness, and life satisfaction. The CFQ was sensitive to the effects of a 1-session ACT intervention. This Spanish version of the CFQ shows good psychometric properties in Colombia.

Resumen El Cuestionario de Fusión Cognitiva (CFQ) es una medida de fusión cognitiva recientemente publicada; un constructo clave en el modelo de psicopatología de la terapia de aceptación y compromiso. El presente estudio muestra las propiedades psicométricas y estructura factorial de una traducción al español del CFQ en Colombia. Se analizaron tres muestras con Fusión cognitiva; Flexibilidad psicológica un total de 1763 participantes. La versión en español del CFQ mostró resultados muy similares a los obtenidos en la versión original. La consistencia interna a través de las distintas muestras fue buena (alfa de Cronbach entre .89 y .93). El modelo unifactorial encontrado en la escala original mostró un buen ajuste a los datos. Se encontró invarianza de la medida a través de muestras y sexo. La puntuación media de la muestra clínica en el CFQ fue significativamente mayor que las puntuaciones de las muestras no clínicas. Las puntuaciones en el CFQ estuvieron significativamente correlacionadas con evitación experiencial, síntomas emocionales, mindfulness y satisfacción vital. El CFQ fue sensible a los efectos de una intervención de terapia de aceptación y compromiso de una sesión. Esta versión en español del CFQ mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas en Colombia.

Validity Evidence of the Spanish Version of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-8 in Colombia.

The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) is a widely used, 30-item, 5-point Likert-type scale that measures the frequency of negative automatic thoughts as experienced by individuals suffering from depression. However, there is some controversy about the factor structure of the ATQ, and its application can be too time-consuming for survey research. Accordingly, an abbreviated, 8-item version of the ATQ has been proposed. The aim of this study was to analyze the validity evidence of the Spanish version of the ATQ-8 in Colombia. The ATQ-8 was administered to a total of 1587 participants, including a sample of undergraduates, one of general population, and a clinical sample. The internal consistency across the different samples was good (α = .89). The one-factor model found in the original scale showed a good fit to the data (RMSEA = .083, 90% CI [.074, .092]; CFI = .96; NNFI = .95). The clinical sample's mean score on the ATQ-8 was significantly higher than the scores of the nonclinical samples. The ATQ-8 was sensitive to the effects of a 1-session acceptance and commitment therapy focused on disrupting negative repetitive thinking. ATQ-8 scores were significantly related to dysfunctional schemas, emotional symptoms, mindfulness, experiential avoidance, satisfaction with life, and dysfunctional attitudes. In conclusion, the Spanish version of the ATQ-8 showed good psychometric properties in Colombia.

Validity evidence of the Spanish Vesion of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-8 in Colombia

The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) is a widely used, 30-item, 5-point Likert-type scale that measures the frequency of negative automatic thoughts as experienced by individuals suffering from depression. However, there is some controversy about the factor structure of the ATQ, and its application can be too time-consuming for survey research. Accordingly, an abbreviated, 8-item version of the ATQ has been proposed. The aim of this study was to analyze the validity evidence of the Spanish version of the ATQ-8 in Colombia. The ATQ-8 was administered to a total of 1587 participants, including a sample of undergraduates, one of general population, and a clinical sample. The internal consistency across the different samples was good (α = .89). The one-factor model found in the original scale showed a good fit to the data (RMSEA = .083, 90% CI [.074, .092]; CFI = .96; NNFI = .95). The clinical sample’s mean score on the ATQ-8 was significantly higher than the scores of the nonclinical samples. The ATQ-8 was sensitive to the effects of a 1-session acceptance and commitment therapy focused on disrupting negative repetitive thinking. ATQ-8 scores were significantly related to dysfunctional schemas, emotional symptoms, mindfulness, experiential avoidance, satisfaction with life, and dysfunctional attitudes. In conclusion, the Spanish version of the ATQ-8 showed good psychometric properties in Colombia (AU)

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Fiabilidad de la versión informatizada del Test de Figuras Conocidas 20 (MFF-20) / Reliability of the computerised version of the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF-20)

El constructo de impulsividad-reflexividad hace referencia a un estilo cognitivo. Se han propuesto dos dimensiones a evaluar, impulsivos, cuando se generan respuestas con gran número de errores y corto tiempo de latencia y reflexivos, cuando hay bajo número de errores y alto tiempo de latencia. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los coeficientes de fiabilidad obtenidos de la aplicación del Test de Emparejamiento de Figuras Conocidas (MFF-20) en una versión en formato ordenador (MFF-O) contra una versión en formato papel (MFF-P). Se obtuvieron tres muestras independientes, con participantes entre 6 a 11 años de edad con un tipo de muestreo por conveniencia. La primera muestra fueron 50 niños que se evaluaron inicialmente con la versión MFF-P y 6 meses después con el MFF-O. La segunda muestra fueron 52 niños que se evaluaron con la versión de MFF-P y después de 6 meses con la versión de MFF-P. Posteriormente se procedió a evaluar a una tercera muestra independiente de 298 niños con la versión de MFF-O. Los resultados muestran la comparación entre las condiciones y las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en ordenador. Se concluye que la versión del MFF-20 en ordenador cuenta con adecuada fiabilidad y propiedades psicométricas, las cuales son similares a la versión del MFF 20 en papel.

The impulsivity-reflexivity construct refers to a cognitive style. Two dimensions have been proposed for their evaluation: Impulsivity, when responses are generated with a number of errors and short latency period, and reflexivity, when responses are generated with a few mistakes and long latency time. This study aims to compare the reliability coefficients obtained by applying computerised version (MFF-O) of the Matching Figures Test-20 (MFF-20) against a paper-based version (MFF-P). Three independent samples were obtained with participants aged from 6 to 11 years. The first sample consisted of 50 children who were evaluated with the MFF-P version, and 6 months later they were evaluated with the MFF-O version. The second sample included 52 children who were evaluated with the MFF-P version, and then re-evaluated with the same version 6 months later. Subsequently, a third sample including 298 children was evaluated with the MFF-O. The results showed a comparison between the psychometric properties and conditions of the computer-based version. It was concluded conclude that the computer-based MFF-20 version has adequate reliability and psychometric properties that are similar to the paper-based MFF-P version.

Effect of a one-session ACT protocol in disrupting repetitive negative thinking: a randomized multiple-baseline design

Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) in the form of worry and rumination has been robustly identified as a transdiagnostic process implicated in the onset and maintenance of emotional disorders. Recent research suggests that both forms of RNT are particularly counterproductive experiential avoidance strategies because individuals usually engage in them as the first response when experiencing distress. This leads to the extension of relational networks and discomfort as well as to the engagement in additional experiential avoidance strategies that soon provoke meaningful life limitations. The current study analyzed the effect of a one-session Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) protocol in reducing RNT through altering the discriminative functions of the most relevant self-related thought to engage in RNT. We used a two-arm, randomized multiple-baseline design. Participants were 11 adults experiencing RNT that had interfered with their functioning for at least the last six months and were suffering from moderate emotional symptoms. Four RNT-related measures were administered: a daily RNT self-register, measures of pathological worry, rumination (brooding), and frequency of negative thoughts. Nine participants showed significant reductions in at least three out of the four RNT measures during the 6-week follow-up. Effect sizes were very large in all RNT-related measures and in emotional symptoms, experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and valued living. Testing an ACT version for emotional disorders specifically focused on disrupting RNT is warranted (AU)

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The role of common physical properties and augmental functions in metaphor effect

Metaphor is a tool frequently used in psychotherapy such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a contextual behavioral model of psychological intervention rooted in an approach to human language and cognition known as Relational Frame Theory (RFT). This experimental analogue study aimed to analyze the effect of two variables in the metaphor effect on promoting psychological flexibility according to RFT: (a) the presence of common physical properties between the individual’s experience and the metaphor, and (b) the specification of appetitive augmental functions in the metaphor content. A 2x2 factorial design was implemented where the presence/absence of the above-mentioned variables was manipulated. Eighty-three participants first responded to measures of experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and generalized pliance. Subsequently, they were exposed to a cold-pressor task at pretest. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned to four experimental protocols consisting of a metaphor that included: (a) common physical properties and augmental functions, (b) only common physical properties, (c) only augmental functions, and (d) none of these variables. Then, participants were re-exposed to the cold-pressor task (posttest). The results showed that both variables had a statistically significant effect on the pain tolerance induced by the cold-pressor task (AU)

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Psychometric properties of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale in Colombian undergraduates / Propiedades psicométricas de la Mindful Attention Awareness Scale en universitarios colombianos

The Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale is one of the most popular instruments to measure mindfulness, and this construct is conceived as unidimensional, emphasizing attention/awareness as its essential aspect. This study aimed to analyze the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MAAS in a Colombian sample of 762 undergraduates. Data were very similar to those obtained in other validation studies of the MAAS. A confirmatory factor analysis found that the expected one-factor structure showed a good fit to the data. The MAAS had excellent internal consistency, and showed theoretically coherent correlations with emotional symptoms, automatic negative thoughts, psychological inflexibility, and life satisfaction. Participants who could have a psychopathological problem because they exceeded the cut-off of the General Health Questionnaire, 12 scored lower on the MAAS than participants who scored below this cut-off. In conclusion, the MAAS seems to be a reliable and valid measure of mindfulness in Colombian undergraduates.

La Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale es uno de los instrumentos más populares para medir mindfulness, concibe este constructo como unidimensional y subraya el aspecto esencial de la atención/conciencia. Este estudio pretende analizar la estructura factorial y las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español de la MAAS en una muestra de 762 universitarios colombianos. Los resultados fueron muy similares a los obtenidos en otros estudios de validación. El análisis factorial confirmatorio encontró que la estructura unifactorial esperada mostró un buen ajuste a los datos. La MAAS tuvo una consistencia interna excelente y mostró correlaciones teóricamente coherentes con síntomas emocionales, pensamientos automáticos negativos, inflexibilidad psicológica y satisfacción vital. Los participantes que podían tener algún problema psicopatológico por exceder el punto de corte del General Health Questionnaire - 12, puntuaron más bajo en la MAAS que los participantes que puntuaron por debajo de este punto de corte. En conclusión, la MAAS parece ser una medida fiable y válida de mindfulness en universitarios colombianos.

Conceptualización y evaluación de la impulsividad en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática / Conceptualization and Assessment of Impulsivity in Adolescents: Systematic Review

La impulsividad es un constructo ampliamente estudiado y se ha caracterizado por la falta de consenso entre los autores, sobre su definición, características y formas de evaluación, con la consecuente complejidad actual. Se realizó la revisión sistemática sobre impulsividad en adolescentes, con el objetivo de identificar las diferentes definiciones, analizar las medidas que son usadas para evaluarla y puntualizar los diversos rasgos psicológicos con los cuales se relaciona, en la investigación. La recopilación de artículos se hizo por medio de las bases de datos Web of Knowledge, Scopus, PsycInfo, Scielo, Redalyc, Google Escolar y Cochrane, donde se seleccionaron 3 457 artículos, de los cuales se revisaron 108. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto las definiciones de impulsividad, los participantes, las medidas de evaluación y la relación con otras variables. Se concluye que (a) la impulsividad es un constructo con múltiples definiciones, (b) se identificó el MFFT como medida más usada para evaluarlo y (c) se encontró que se ha investigado su relación en temas como problemas de conducta, medidas cognitivas, agresión y aspectos familiares.

Impulsivity is a widely studied construct and has been characterized by a lack of consensus among authors about its definition, characteristics and assessment. This has provoked that impulsivity can be seen as a complex construct. We have conducted a systematic review of impulsivity in adolescents, in order to identify the different definitions, analyze the measures that are used to assess impulsivity and point out the different features which are related to the research on impulsivity. The literature was collected in an exhaustive search from several databases: Web of Knowledge, Scopus, PsycINFO, Scielo, Redalyc, Google School and Cochrane, where a set of 3,457 papers was selected. From this initial set, we reviewed 108 papers. Our results showed the definitions of impulsivity, the population, the evaluation measures and the relationship with other variables. We concluded that, (a) impulsivity has multiple definitions, (b) the most used measure to assess the construct is the MFFT and (c) we found that impulsivity has been research on topics such as behavioral problems, cognitive measures, assault and family issues.

Burnout escolar en adolescentes españoles: adaptación y validación del School Burnout Inventory / Burnout in Spanish adolescents: Adaptation and validation of the School Burnout Inventory

El School Burnout Inventory (SBI) es un instrumento que permite evaluar el síndrome de burnout en estudiantes adolescentes. Se ha realizado su traducción y adaptación y se han evaluado sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra española. La muestra estuvo formada por 1096 adolescentes españoles escolarizados, entre 12 y 18 años. A través del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio se observan tres dimensiones coincidentes con las propuestas por los autores de la versión original (Agotamiento, Cinismo e Ineficacia). La consistencia interna presentó un alfa de Cronbach de .73. Como evidencias de validez, se mostraron correlaciones directas y significativas entre cada dimensión de burnout con depresión y ansiedad. La versión adaptada del SBI es una medida adecuada para la evaluación del burnout en adolescentes españoles. Se sugiere incluir nuevos ítems para una mayor solidez en cada una de sus subescalas para contribuir a un adecuado uso y aplicación del instrumento en contextos escolares (AU)

The School Burnout Inventory (SBI) is an instrument that can assess burnout syndrome in adolescent students. The translation and adaptation was performed and its psychometric properties have been tested in a Spanish sample. The sample consisted of 1096 Spanish students ranging in age from 12 to 18 years. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed three dimensions -the same the authors had originally proposed- (Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Inadequacy). Cronbach’s alpha was .73. External validity was tested, and positive and significant correlations were shown between each burnout sub-scale with depression and anxiety. The results point out that the adapted version of the SBI is an adequate and valid way to assess burnout syndrome in Spanish teenagers. However, the construction of new items is required in order to strengthen each one of the subscales, which would contribute to an adequate use and application of the measure in a scholar context (AU)

Análisis factorial exploratorio del Inventario de Depresión Estado-Rasgo (ST-DEP) en adolescentes / Exploratory Factor Analysis of State-Trait Depression Inventory (ST-DEP) in Adolescents

El Inventario de Depresión Estado-Rasgo (IDER) evalúa de forma breve distintos síntomas depresivos. El objetivo es evaluar algunas propiedades psicométricas del IDER en Perú. La muestra estuvo formada por 314 estudiantes entre 11 y 18 años de secundaria en un colegio limeño. Los resultados indican una estructura bidimensional -que corresponde con la delimitación conceptual del inventario original-. Sin embargo, algunos ítems presentaron cargas comparativamente bajas, probablemente debido a variaciones culturales. Adicionalmente, la consistencia interna para la dimensión de Estado y Rasgo presentó valores alfa de Cronbach de 0.76 y 0.68, respectivamente. El cuestionario IDER satisface el criterio de invariabilidad de la estructura interna y puede dar una alternativa favorable para el diagnóstico y evaluación de la depresión en adolescentes peruanos.

The State-Trait Depression Inventory (ST-DEP) briefly assesses various depressive symptoms. The objective is to evaluate some psychometric properties of this inventory in Peru. The sample was composed of 314 students ranging between 11 and 18 years old. All of them were attending secondary school in Lima. Results indicate a two-dimensional structure, which corresponds to the conceptual definition of the original inventory. However, some items showed comparatively low loads, probably due to cultural variations. Additionally, internal consistency for the dimension of State and Trait showed .76 and .68 Cronbach's alpha coefficients respectively. The IDER satisfies the criterion of internal structure stability, and can give a favorable alternative for the diagnosis and assessment of depression in Peruvian adolescents.