[Aspects of morphology of photodynamic destruction]. / Nekotorye voprosy morfologii fotodinamicheskoi destruktsii.

The results of light and electron microscopic study of the photodynamic destruction of the mouse liver with the use of Russian and imported photosensitizers (PS) at the concentration peak are presented. Considerable differences in the primary targets are noted; the changes correlated at the tissue and ultrastructural level. The use of two PS showed the damage of the soluble part of the cytoplasm: generalized cytoplasm damage with the involvement of main cell organelles in one case and the destruction of the sinusoidal lining and the hepatocyte sinusoidal pole with a diffuse spread of changes beyond the main focus of the damage close to the vascular bed in the other. Theoretical importance and practical application of the study are discussed.

[The pharmacokinetics of fluorescein, hematoporphyrin and its derivative during the development of granuloma]. / Farmakokinetika fliuorestseina, gematoporfirina i ego proizvodnogo pri razvitii granulemy.

In experiments on rats with granuloma reproduced by subcutaneous implantation of foreign material there was shown a slowing of excretion from the organism as well as a considerable redistribution between the organs of fluorescein, hematoporphyrin and its derivative as compared with intact animals. The noted changes practically did not depend on the time of granuloma development.

[The pharmacokinetics of hematoporphyrin, its derivative and fluorescein during the development of carcinosarcoma]. / Farmakokinetika gematoporfirina, ego proizvodnogo i fliuorestseina pri razvitii kartsinosarkomy.

The pharmacokinetics of fluorescein, hematoporphyrin and a derivative of hematoporphyrin was studied microspectrofluorometrically on rats with transplanted carcinosarcoma. It was shown that in the rats in contrast to intact animals the tissue concentration of fluorescein exhibits a general tendency towards an increase, that of hematoporphyrin towards a decrease and that of hematoporphyrin derivative towards an increase in all parenchymatous organs and a decrease in the skin and mucosae of the hollow organs. At the equally short period of the maximal accumulation of luminophores, the tumour tissue differs from the normal one by a pronounced delay of excretion only of hematoporphyrin derivative.

[Kinetic characteristics of 22Na transport in human and rat erythrocytes during cytoplasm acidification and cell compression]. / Kineticheskie kharakteristiki transporta 22Na v éritrotsitakh cheloveka i krysa pri zakislenii tsitoplazmy i szhatii kletok.

Under normal conditions (pH0 = 7.4, pHi = 7.1-7.2) amiloride, a Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor, does not influence Na+ intake by human and rat erythrocytes. Acidification of the cytoplasm (pHi approximately 6.4) is accompanied by the acceleration of 22Na intake, which is decreased after addition of 1 mM amiloride (by 50 and 80%, respectively). The Ki value of amiloride for human and rat erythrocytes is 30 and 250 microM, respectively. In rat erythrocytes the dependence of the rate of the delta pH-induced incorporation of 22Na on Na+ concentration is described by a saturation curve (K0.5 for Na0+ is approximately 40 mM), whereas in human erythrocytes it obeys the diffusion kinetics. These results suggest that the Na+/H+ exchange takes place in rat erythrocytes, but is absent in human erythrocytes. In rat erythrocytes the Na+/H+ exchange can be induced by cell compression which can be caused either by decreasing the KCl content (after addition of valinomycin) or by increasing the osmolarity of the medium (in the presence of sucrose). The rate of Na+/H+ exchange induced by cell compression is increased by 60-70% after addition of protein kinases A and C activators. No effect of intracellular Ca2+ on the rate of the Na+/H+ exchange in rat erythrocytes is observed.

[Isolation and characteristics of calmodulin from the brains of rats with spontaneous genetic hypertension]. / Vydelenie i kharakteristika kal'modulina iz mozga krys so spontannoi geneticheskoi gipertenziei.

Using column chromatography with phenylcepharase, calmodulin was isolated from the brain of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR) and control normotensive rats (NKWR). As judged from the findings of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, UV-spectroscopy and spectrofluometry, the obtained samples of calmodulin contained no significant admixture of other proteins. The Ca-binding capacity of calmodulin of the brain of SHR and NKWR estimated by the method of fluorescent probes were identical. There were also no differences in their capacity to interact with troponine I and to activate the Ca-pump of the erythrocytic membrane and phosphodiesterase of the cardiac muscle. A study on the dependence of activity of phosphodiesterase on the protein content of the brain homogenate from SHR and NKWR revealed no differences in the calmodulin levels in this tissue. On the basis of these data a conclusion was made that impairments of the intracellular distribution of calcium in primary hypertension described earlier are not related to disorders in the metabolism of the universal Ca-binding protein-regulator.

[Increased erythrocyte membrane permeability to sodium--a risk factor for hypertension]. / Povyshennaia pronitsaemost' membrany éritrotsitov dlia natriia--faktor riska zabolevaniia gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu.

Monitoring the sodium-lithium counter transport, the authors examined the membrane permeability of red cells for sodium in 70 females and 127 males aged 20 to 70 years. In subjects with normal arterial pressure, the membrane permeability of the red cells showed no age-specific changes or differences in males and females at the age of 20 to 31 years and those over 40 years. Arterial hypertension (AH) according to the WHO criteria was diagnosed in 31% of those studied. The individuals with an increased permeability of the red cell membrane for sodium, exhibited AH twice as frequently as the individuals with the normal or decreased permeability. The rate of AH was found to rise (from 46 to 68%) with age in the subjects with the elevated permeability of the red cell membrane whilst there was no such tendency in the individuals with normal and decreased permeability of the red cell membrane.

[Relation between disorders of erythrocyte membrane permeability for monovalent ions and intracellular distribution of calcium in primary arterial hypertension]. / O vzaimootnoshenii narushenii pronitsaemosti membran éritrotsitov dlia odnovalentnykh ionov i vnutrikletochnogo raspredeleniia kal'tsiia pri pervichnoi arterial'noi gipertenzii.

The relation of electric potential, lithium and potassium withdrawal rates and erythrocytic balance Na-Na exchange rate constant to intracellular calcium concentration was investigated. Intracellular calcium concentration was modified by means of Ca-ionophore A 23187 and Ca-EGTA buffer. Hypertensive patients showed no differences in erythrocyte membrane electric potential, as determined by chlorine distribution. Only two systems of univalent cations transport were shown to be dependent on the intracellular calcium concentration: calcium increase was accompanied by the opening of K+-channels and the inhibition of erythrocyte membrane Na-K-ATPase. Increased rate of calcium withdrawal from erythrocytes of patients with essential hypertension and spontaneously-hypertensive rats under the effect of Ca-ionophore and moderate Ca2+ concentrations was due to an insufficiency of the cell's Ca-pump rather than disorders in the properties of K+-channels. No significant calcium effect on passive transmembrane ion diffusion, Na, K-cotransport and Na--Na (Na--Li)-countertransport could be demonstrated.

[Use of 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide diS-C3-(5) for the study of conformational changes and detection of Ca-binding proteins]. / Primenenie 3,3'-dipropiltiokarbotsianin iodida diS-C3-(5) dlia izucheniia konformatsionnykh perestroek i obnaruzheniia Ca-sviazyvaiushchikh belkov.

It was shown that 3,3'-dipropylthiocarbocyanine iodide diS-C3-(5) can be used as a fluorescent probe for registration of conformational changes in calmodulin and troponin C, as well as for determination of concentrations of these Ca-binding proteins in experimental samples. The sensitivity of the method (10(-7) M) is only 5 times less than that of determination of calmodulin by phosphodiesterase and by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude more than that of other techniques based on conformational changes of the protein. The spectral parameters of the fluorescent probe allow to conduct the measurements in turbid media and in the presence of many other optically active substances. Evidence is given testifying the promiscuity of the use of this approach to the study of conformational changes in calmodulin under the action of Ca2+, Mg2+, monovalent cations, temperature and target proteins (troponin I, phosphodiesterase). using phosphodiesterase and Ca-ATPase, it was shown that under certain conditions diS-C3-(5) as well as other amphypathic compounds can modify the activity of calmodulin-dependent enzymes.

[Differences in the rates of Na/Li-countertransport in the erythrocyte membranes of hypertensive and renal hypertensive patients]. / Razlichiia v velichine Na/Li-protivotransporta v membrane éritrotsitov u bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu i pochechnoi gipertenziei.

Erythrocyte membrane permeability was studied by means of sodium-lithium countertransport measurement in patients with essential and renal hypertension and in healthy volunteers. In essential hypertension, erythrocyte membrane permeability was 60 per cent higher than the control value. There was no difference between permeability values of renal hypertensive patients and healthy subjects. Erythrocyte membrane permeability was not related to age or sex in normotensive subjects. Permeability pattern is assumed to be a useful parameter for differential diagnosis of arterial hypertensions and for establishing hereditary origin of essential hypertension.

[Transport of calcium and distribution of calmodulin in the erythrocytes in primary arterial hypertension]. / Transport kal'tsiia i raspredelenie kal'modulina v éritrotsitakh pri pervichnoi arterial'noi gipertenzii.

Calcium transport to inside-out vesicles and calmodulin erythrocytic distribution were examined in primary hypertension, using the isotope exchange method and phosphodiesterase activity measurement. No differences in total erythrocyte calmodulin content and its cytoplasmic and membrane concentrations were detected in either hypertensive patients, or rats with spontaneous hypertension. Differences in the rates of calcium transport through EGTA-treated membranes were only detectable in the presence of exogenous calmodulin. The erythrocytes of hypertensive patients showed a four-fold reduction in the maximum calcium transport rate increment under the effect of calmodulin, as compared to normotensive subjects. These differences are attributed to a possible disruption of calmodulin interaction with Mg, Ca-ATPase.

[Transport of calcium to synaptosomes and subcellular membrane fractions of the brain: effects of opioid peptides]. / Transport kal'tsiia v sinaptosomy i subkletochnye membrannye fraktsii golovnogo mozga: vliianie opioidnykh peptidov.

Highly purified synaptosomal and subcellular fractions identified as mitochondria and microsomes were obtained by fractionation of brain tissues. The greatest Ca-accumulating capacity and the highest rate of Ca2+ accumulation were revealed in the mitochondrial fraction. Upon further fractionation of the synaptosomal fraction the energy-dependent uptake (accumulation) of Ca2+ was revealed only in the mitochondria. It was demonstrated that opioid peptides accelerate Ca2+ uptake by the synaptosomes in a medium with physiological concentration of K+ and inhibit this process during K+-dependent membrane depolarization. It was shown that beta-endorphine, methionine-encephaline and leucine-encephaline (10(-8)-10(-5) M) inhibit the Ca-accumulating capacity of both mitochondria and microsomes from brain. The experimental data suggest that opioid peptides can modulate the release of neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones by inhibiting the potential-dependent Ca2+ influx into the nerve endings and by decreasing the intrasynaptosomal pool of Ca2+.