RESUMO
Two experiments (EXP) were carried out to investigate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels reduction in high-energy (H) (3.200kcal ME/kg) and low-energy (L) (2.900kcal ME/kg) diets, on the performance and carcass composition of male broiler chickens. The CP levels were decreased to meet the following energy: protein (E:PB) ratios: 139, 146, 153 and 160 (kcal/%) for starter diets (EXP 1) and 160, 167, 174 and 181 (kcal/%) for grower diets (EXP 2), in both energy levels, keeping MET + CIS and LYS levels at the same concentration. All birds received a same diet before (EXP 2) or after (EXP 1) feeding the experimental diets. Feeding H diets resulted in better performance, but also in higher carcass fat deposition. In EXP 1, birds fed with L diets during the starter period had similar body weight gain (BWG), in the total period (1 to 42 days), than those H diets, however with better caloric conversion (kcal/kg) (CC). Also, the best CC was obtained with E:PB of 139. Lower BWG, sometimes occurred with lower levels of dietary CP, but in all experiments the CC was decreased with wider E:PB ration. In both EXP, protein utilization was improved with higher levels of dietary energy and with lower levels of dietary CP.
Dois experimentos (EXP) avaliaram os efeitos da redução de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas com alta (A) (3.200kcal EM/kg) e baixa (B) (2.900kcal EM/kg) energia, sobre o desempenho e composição de carcaças de frangos de corte machos. Os níveis de PB foram reduzidos para obter as relações energia: proteína (E:PB) 139, 146, 153 e 160 (kcal/%) para as dietas iniciais (EXP 1), e 160, 167, 174 e 181(kcal/%) para as dietas de crescimento (EXP 2), em ambos os níveis de energia, mantendo constantes os níveis de MET+CIS e LIS. Todas as aves receberam uma mesma dieta antes (EXP 2) ou após (EXP 1) o fornecimento das dietas experimentais. O fornecimento das dietas A proporcionou melhor desempenho, no entanto resultou em maior deposição de gordura nas carcaças. No EXP 1, as aves alimentadas com as dietas B apresentaram ganho de peso (GP) similar àquelas alimentadas com as dietas A no período total (1 a 42 dias), porém melhor conversão calórica (CC) (kcal/kg) (p 0,01). Foi observada também melhor CC, com relação E:PB 139. Menores níveis de PB dietética resultaram, algumas vezes, em um menor GP, porém sempre foi verificada uma pior CC nas relações mais amplas E:PB. Em ambos os Experimentos (EXP), o maior nível de energia e a redução da PB dietética melhoraram a utilização da PB consumida.
RESUMO
Two experiments (EXP) were carried out to investigate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels reduction in high-energy (H) (3.200kcal ME/kg) and low-energy (L) (2.900kcal ME/kg) diets, on the performance and carcass composition of male broiler chickens. The CP levels were decreased to meet the following energy: protein (E:PB) ratios: 139, 146, 153 and 160 (kcal/%) for starter diets (EXP 1) and 160, 167, 174 and 181 (kcal/%) for grower diets (EXP 2), in both energy levels, keeping MET + CIS and LYS levels at the same concentration. All birds received a same diet before (EXP 2) or after (EXP 1) feeding the experimental diets. Feeding H diets resulted in better performance, but also in higher carcass fat deposition. In EXP 1, birds fed with L diets during the starter period had similar body weight gain (BWG), in the total period (1 to 42 days), than those H diets, however with better caloric conversion (kcal/kg) (CC). Also, the best CC was obtained with E:PB of 139. Lower BWG, sometimes occurred with lower levels of dietary CP, but in all experiments the CC was decreased with wider E:PB ration. In both EXP, protein utilization was improved with higher levels of dietary energy and with lower levels of dietary CP.
Dois experimentos (EXP) avaliaram os efeitos da redução de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas com alta (A) (3.200kcal EM/kg) e baixa (B) (2.900kcal EM/kg) energia, sobre o desempenho e composição de carcaças de frangos de corte machos. Os níveis de PB foram reduzidos para obter as relações energia: proteína (E:PB) 139, 146, 153 e 160 (kcal/%) para as dietas iniciais (EXP 1), e 160, 167, 174 e 181(kcal/%) para as dietas de crescimento (EXP 2), em ambos os níveis de energia, mantendo constantes os níveis de MET+CIS e LIS. Todas as aves receberam uma mesma dieta antes (EXP 2) ou após (EXP 1) o fornecimento das dietas experimentais. O fornecimento das dietas A proporcionou melhor desempenho, no entanto resultou em maior deposição de gordura nas carcaças. No EXP 1, as aves alimentadas com as dietas B apresentaram ganho de peso (GP) similar àquelas alimentadas com as dietas A no período total (1 a 42 dias), porém melhor conversão calórica (CC) (kcal/kg) (p 0,01). Foi observada também melhor CC, com relação E:PB 139. Menores níveis de PB dietética resultaram, algumas vezes, em um menor GP, porém sempre foi verificada uma pior CC nas relações mais amplas E:PB. Em ambos os Experimentos (EXP), o maior nível de energia e a redução da PB dietética melhoraram a utilização da PB consumida.
RESUMO
Isotherms for adsorption of bilayer-forming synthetic amphiphiles or phospholipids from vesicles onto hydrophilic silica particles (Aerosil OX-50) are obtained over a range of experimental conditions. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dihexadecylphosphate (DHP), and dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) dispersed in 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4, as small unilamellar vesicles present affinities for silica following the sequence DODAB > DPPC > PC > DHP. Among these, only DHP adsorption is below that expected for one bilayer deposition. Interaction at 65degreesC for 1 h between DPPC (or, at 25degreesC, for PC) vesicles and silica efficiently leads to bilayer deposition at maximal adsorption, if Tris is the buffer used. Preliminary centrifugation of the PC or DPPC vesicle dispersion is necessary to prevent overestimated adsorption. PC affinity for silica and its deposition as a bilayer depend on the nature of buffer used being much higher for Tris than for Hepes at pH 7.4. Formation of ion pairs between protonated amino groups in Tris and silanol groups on silica may lead to Tris adsorption and an increase in density of -OH groups on the solid surface. Therefore, formation of cooperative hydrogen bridges between -P=O in the phosphatidyl of the phospholipid bilayer and the -OH groups of Tris adsorbed on silica increases PC affinity for silica in the presence of Tris. For Hepes as buffer, PC affinity for silica is much lower and no plateau indicative of bilayer deposition is observed in the adsorption isotherm. Stabilization of supported phospholipid bilayers on solid surfaces requires several cooperative hydrogen bridges between the phospholipid and the solid surface. DODAB adsorption was unaffected by vesicle age and physical state of the bilayer vesicle. Adsorption isotherms for DODAB are of the high-affinity type with a maximum indicative of competition between intervesicle interactions and DODAB deposition on silica. Stabilization of DODAB bilayer deposition requires surface charge densities on silica higher than -1 µC/cm2. Copyright 1997Academic Press