Effects of peppermint oil inhalation on vertical jump performance in elite young professional soccer players: A double-blinded randomized crossover study.

Aims: To evaluate peppermint essential oil (PEO) inhalation's effect on young soccer athletes' motor performance. Methods: A randomized crossover design was used to test the effect of the PEO. Eleven U-17 soccer players were evaluated into two conditions (PEO and Placebo - PLA). The players were tested in squat jump and countermovement jump and inhaled PEO or PLA and 10 min later performed the physical tests again. A mixed ANOVA was performed to test the hypotheses. Results: Main effects were found for the time in jumping height in the CMJ (p = 0.037). No main and interaction effects were found in the SJ variables. Conclusion: From the results, decrease CMJ performance acutely, both conditions presented decrease in JH, but based in effect size, PLA decrease is higher (more sample size for corroborate this) possibly due to improvements in the eccentric yielding sub-phase, where mentioned phase could be reflecting neural changes (required experimental verification). The PEO could be the interest in trainers for use before of match or in the half-time for minimize the decreased of physical performance by the rest.

Mini-Open Fascia Lata Interposition Graft Results In Superior 2-Year Clinical Outcomes When Compared to Arthroscopic Partial Repair for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tear: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the results of surgical treatment for irreparable rotator cuff tear (IRCT) by the mini-open interposition procedure using fascia lata autograft against outcomes of the arthroscopic partial repair technique. METHODS: An interventional, prospective, controlled, randomized, single-blinded study involving 2 study groups was conducted. The graft group (n = 20) underwent the mini-open interposition procedure using fascia lata autograft. The control group (n = 22) underwent arthroscopic partial repair. Patients were evaluated using the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder scale, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Constant-Murley (Constant) score, the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, active range of motion, frontal flexion strength, retear rates evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging analysis, occurrence of complications, and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). RESULTS: The graft group had better UCLA (31.5 vs 28.18, P = .035) (100% exceeded the MCID for the graft group and 95% for the control group), ASES (88.62 vs 77.06, P = .016) (100% exceeded the MCID for both groups), Constant (78.85 vs 61.68, P < .001), and VAS (0.95 vs 2.59, P = .01) scores at the 24-month follow-up. For active forward elevation range, both groups showed no statistically significant differences (168.5 vs 164.54, P = .538). The results for active external and internal rotation were better in the graft group (60.25 vs 40, and 9.1 vs 6.9, P < .001), as was frontal flexion strength (4.24 vs 2.67, P = .005). The graft group also had lower retear rates (15% vs 45.5%, P = .033). No complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of surgeries for IRCT by the mini-open interposition procedure using fascia lata autograft and by the arthroscopic partial repair technique showed good results in both groups over time and exceeded the MCID. However, most comparative outcomes between groups showed better results for the interposition procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, randomized controlled trial.

Combined nonsurgical and implant restoration after dental trauma: a case report.

Dentoalveolar trauma is an important etiologic factor for tooth loss. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is necessary because the functional, esthetic, and psychosocial problems that result from dentoalveolar trauma can significantly influence the patient's quality of life. The objective of this article is to describe the multidisciplinary treatment of a 39-year-old man who experienced dentoalveolar trauma in a bicycle accident. Clinical and tomographic examinations revealed the avulsion of the maxillary left central incisor as well as coronal fractures of the other incisors and the maxillary right canine. The maxillary right central incisor had a subgingival fracture, and the treatment included endodontic treatment followed by orthodontic extrusion using a temporary intraradicular retention pin and an orthodontic elastic band attached to a provisional prosthesis for anchorage. A dental implant and a connective tissue graft were placed at the site of the avulsed tooth. Subsequently, 5 zirconia crowns were fabricated using a digital workflow. In some cases of dentoalveolar trauma, orthodontic extrusion accomplished with the aid of the provisional prosthesis can be a conservative, fast, and economical option to preserve periodontal tissues and restore the biologic width. In the present case, the combination of orthodontic extrusion, implant placement, and a digital workflow ensured the precision, comfort, and esthetics of the final restorations, improving the quality of life of the patient.

Correction: On the relation between transversal and longitudinal scaling in cities.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233003.].

On the relation between transversal and longitudinal scaling in cities.

Does the scaling relationship between population sizes of cities with urban metrics like economic output and infrastructure (transversal scaling) mirror the evolution of individual cities in time (longitudinal scaling)? The answer to this question has important policy implications, but the lack of suitable data has so far hindered rigorous empirical tests. In this paper, we advance the debate by looking at the evolution of two urban variables, GDP and water network length, for over 5500 cities in Brazil. We find that longitudinal scaling exponents are city-specific. However, they are distributed around an average value that approaches the transversal scaling exponent provided that the data is decomposed to eliminate external factors, and only for cities with a sufficiently high growth rate. We also introduce a mathematical framework that connects the microscopic level to global behaviour, finding good agreement between theoretical predictions and empirical evidence in all analyzed cases. Our results add complexity to the idea that the longitudinal dynamics is a micro-scaling version of the transversal dynamics of the entire urban system. The longitudinal analysis can reveal differences in scaling behavior related to population size and nature of urban variables. Our approach also makes room for the role of external factors such as public policies and development, and opens up new possibilities in the research of the effects of scaling and contextual factors.

Anatomy of the Scapula Applied to the Posterior Surgical Approach: Safety Parameters during Access to the Lateral Angle.

Objective The objective of this paper was to identify safety parameters in the posterior surgical approach of the scapula through a cross-sectional cadaver study. Methods Thirteen cadaver shoulders with no history of surgery or prior musculoskeletal dysfunction, with mean age, weight, and height of 70.1 years, 61.5 kg, and 1.64 m, respectively, were dissected. The anatomic landmark of the studied pathway (infraglenoid tubercle) and its distance to the axillary and suprascapular nerves were measured. Results The mean distance between the infraglenoid tubercle (IT) and the axillary nerve (AN) was 23.8 mm, and the mean distance from the IT to the suprascapular nerve (SN) was 33.2 mm. Conclusion The posterior approach may be considered safe through the interval between the infraspinatus and teres minor. However, caution should be taken during muscle spacing because of the short distance between the fracture site and the location of the SN and AN. These precautions help to avoid major postoperative complications.

Anatomy of the Scapula Applied to the Posterior Surgical Approach: Safety Parameters during Access to the Lateral Angle / Anatomia da escápula aplicada à abordagem cirúrgica posterior: Parâmetros de segurança durante acesso ao ângulo lateral

Abstract Objective The objective of this paper was to identify safety parameters in the posterior surgical approach of the scapula through a cross-sectional cadaver study. Methods Thirteen cadaver shoulders with no history of surgery or prior musculoskeletal dysfunction, with mean age, weight, and height of 70.1 years, 61.5 kg, and 1.64 m, respectively, were dissected. The anatomic landmark of the studied pathway (infraglenoid tubercle) and its distance to the axillary and suprascapular nerves were measured. Results The mean distance between the infraglenoid tubercle (IT) and the axillary nerve (AN) was 23.8 mm, and the mean distance from the IT to the suprascapular nerve (SN) was 33.2 mm. Conclusion The posterior approach may be considered safe through the interval between the infraspinatus and teres minor. However, caution should be taken during muscle spacing because of the short distance between the fracture site and the location of the SN and AN. These precautions help to avoid major postoperative complications.

Resumo Objetivo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar parâmetros de segurança para a realização da via de acesso cirúrgico posterior da escápula por meio de um estudo transversal em cadáveres. Métodos Foram dissecados 13 ombros de cadáveres sem história de cirurgia ou disfunção musculoesquelética prévia e em bom estado de conservação, com médias de idade, peso e altura de 70,1 anos, 61,5 kg, 1,64m, respectivamente. Identificou-se marco anatômico da via estudada (tubérculo infraglenoidal) e sua distância para os nervos axilar e supraescapular foi medida. Resultados A distância média encontrada entre o tubérculo infraglenoidal (TI) e o nervo axilar (NA) foi de 23,8 mm e distância média do TI ao nervo supraescapular (NSE) foi de 33,2 mm. Conclusão A via posterior pelo intervalo entre os músculos infraespinal e redondo menor é considerada segura; porém, é preciso atenção e cautela durante o afastamento muscular, devido à curta distância média entre o sítio de fratura e a localização do NSE e do NA. Tais precauções podem evitar maiores complicações pós-operatórias.

PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURE WITH LOCKING PLATE: FUNCTIONAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC RESULTS.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the functional outcome and radiographic indices of proximal humerus fractures treated with locking plate. METHODS: Seventy patients with proximal humerus fractures treated with locking plate, with mean follow-up of 30 months. These patients were analyzed for the score of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for the operated shoulder, range of motion measurements and radiography of both shoulders. After that, a graphical correlation was established between the radiographic measurements and the functional outcomes. RESULTS: 78% good and excellent results according to the UCLA score, with mean130° elevation; 45° lateral rotation; and thumb-T10 medial rotation. The type of fracture according to the Neer classification and age had a significant correlation with the range of motion. An association was found between the lowest mean elevation and the UCLA score when the neck-shaft angle variation in the antero-posterior plane was greater than 15° varus (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: The variation of the neck-shaft angle measurement in the anteroposterior plane showed significant correlation with the range of motion and can be one of the predictors of functional results in proximal humerus fractures treated with locking plate. Level of evidence III, Retrospective Study.

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os resultados funcionais e os índices radiográficos das fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa bloqueada. MÉTODOS: Examinou-se 70 pacientes com fraturas do úmero proximal tratados com placa bloqueada, com seguimento médio de 30 meses. Esses pacientes foram submetidos à análise do escore da Universidade da Califórnia de Los Angeles (UCLA) no ombro operado, avaliação do arco de movimento e a exames radiográficos de ambos os ombros. Estabeleceu-se, então, a correlação gráfica entre as medidas radiográficas e os resultados funcionais. RESULTADOS: Obtivemos 78% de bons e excelentes resultados conforme o escore da UCLA, com médias de: 130° de elevação; 45° de rotação lateral; e polegar-T10 de rotação medial. O tipo de fratura segundo a classificação de Neer e a idade teve significativa correlação com o arco de movimento. Encontrou-se associação entre menor média de elevação e escore UCLA quando a variação do ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior foi maior que 15° em varo (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A variação da medida do ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior mostrou significativa correlação com o arco de movimento, podendo ser um dos preditores dos resultados funcionais nas fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa bloqueada. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo.

Proximal humerus fracture with locking plate: functional and radiographic results / Fraturas do úmero proximal com placa bloqueada: resultados funcionais e radiográficos

ABSTRACT Objective: To correlate the functional outcome and radiographic indices of proximal humerus fractures treated with locking plate. Methods: Seventy patients with proximal humerus fractures treated with locking plate, with mean follow-up of 30 months. These patients were analyzed for the score of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for the operated shoulder, range of motion measurements and radiography of both shoulders. After that, a graphical correlation was established between the radiographic measurements and the functional outcomes. Results: 78% good and excellent results according to the UCLA score, with mean130° elevation; 45° lateral rotation; and thumb-T10 medial rotation. The type of fracture according to the Neer classification and age had a significant correlation with the range of motion. An association was found between the lowest mean elevation and the UCLA score when the neck-shaft angle variation in the antero-posterior plane was greater than 15° varus (p <0.001). Conclusion: The variation of the neck-shaft angle measurement in the anteroposterior plane showed significant correlation with the range of motion and can be one of the predictors of functional results in proximal humerus fractures treated with locking plate. Level of evidence III, Retrospective Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Correlacionar os resultados funcionais e os índices radiográficos das fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa bloqueada. Métodos: Examinou-se 70 pacientes com fraturas do úmero proximal tratados com placa bloqueada, com seguimento médio de 30 meses. Esses pacientes foram submetidos à análise do escore da Universidade da Califórnia de Los Angeles (UCLA) no ombro operado, avaliação do arco de movimento e a exames radiográficos de ambos os ombros. Estabeleceu-se, então, a correlação gráfica entre as medidas radiográficas e os resultados funcionais. Resultados: Obtivemos 78% de bons e excelentes resultados conforme o escore da UCLA, com médias de: 130° de elevação; 45° de rotação lateral; e polegar-T10 de rotação medial. O tipo de fratura segundo a classificação de Neer e a idade teve significativa correlação com o arco de movimento. Encontrou-se associação entre menor média de elevação e escore UCLA quando a variação do ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior foi maior que 15° em varo (p<0,001). Conclusão: A variação da medida do ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior mostrou significativa correlação com o arco de movimento, podendo ser um dos preditores dos resultados funcionais nas fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa bloqueada. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo.

Evolution of urban scaling: Evidence from Brazil.

During the last years, the new science of cities has been established as a fertile quantitative approach to systematically understand the urban phenomena. One of its main pillars is the proposition that urban systems display universal scaling behavior regarding socioeconomic, infrastructural and individual basic services variables. This paper discusses the extension of the universality proposition by testing it against a broad range of urban metrics in a developing country urban system. We present an exploration of the scaling exponents for over 60 variables for the Brazilian urban system. Estimating those exponents is challenging from the technical point of view because the Brazilian municipalities' definition follows local political criteria and does not regard characteristics of the landscape, density, and basic utilities. As Brazilian municipalities can deviate significantly from urban settlements, urban-like municipalities were selected based on a systematic density cut-off procedure and the scaling exponents were estimated for this new subset of municipalities. To validate our findings we compared the results for overlaying variables with other studies based on alternative methods. It was found that the analyzed socioeconomic variables follow a superlinear scaling relationship with the population size, and most of the infrastructure and individual basic services variables follow expected sublinear and linear scaling, respectively. However, some infrastructural and individual basic services variables deviated from their expected regimes, challenging the universality hypothesis of urban scaling. We propose that these deviations are a product of top-down decisions/policies. Our analysis spreads over a time-range of 10 years, what is not enough to draw conclusive observations, nevertheless we found hints that the scaling exponent of these variables are evolving towards the expected scaling regime, indicating that the deviations might be temporally constrained and that the urban systems might eventually reach the expected scaling regime.

Cities, from Information to Interaction.

From physics to the social sciences, information is now seen as a fundamental component of reality. However, a form of information seems still underestimated, perhaps precisely because it is so pervasive that we take it for granted: the information encoded in the very environment we live in. We still do not fully understand how information takes the form of cities, and how our minds deal with it in order to learn about the world, make daily decisions, and take part in the complex system of interactions we create as we live together. This paper addresses three related problems that need to be solved if we are to understand the role of environmental information: (1) the physical problem: how can we preserve information in the built environment? (2) The semantic problem: how do we make environmental information meaningful? and (3) the pragmatic problem: how do we use environmental information in our daily lives? Attempting to devise a solution to these problems, we introduce a three-layered model of information in cities, namely environmental information in physical space, environmental information in semantic space, and the information enacted by interacting agents. We propose forms of estimating entropy in these different layers, and apply these measures to emblematic urban cases and simulated scenarios. Our results suggest that ordered spatial structures and diverse land use patterns encode information, and that aspects of physical and semantic information affect coordination in interaction systems.

Disorders of the long head of the biceps: tenotomy versus tenodesis.

Disorders of the long head of biceps tendon are common in clinical practice. Their causes could be degenerative, inflammatory, instability (subluxation or luxation) or traumatic. They are generally associated to other diseases of the shoulder, mainly rotator cuff injuries. Currently, there is controversy in the literature regarding the indications for surgical treatment and the choice of the best technique for each case, due to the possibility of esthetic deformity, loss of muscle strength, and residual pain. The objective of this study was to identify the indications for surgical treatment, the best surgical technique, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique described in the orthopedic literature for the treatment of long head of biceps tendon injuries. A revision of the orthopedic medical literature on the following databases: Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BIREME), Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, comprising articles published in the period from 1991 to 2015.

As lesões da cabeça longa do tendão bicipital (CLB) são comuns na prática clínica e podem ter causas degenerativas, inflamatórias, instabilidades (subluxação ou luxação) ou traumáticas. Geralmente, elas estão associadas a outras doenças do ombro, principalmente a lesões do manguito rotador. Atualmente, existem controvérsias quanto às indicações dos tratamentos cirúrgicos e à escolha da melhor técnica para cada caso, devido à possibilidade de deformidade estética, perda da força muscular e dor residual.O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as indicações do tratamento cirúrgico, a melhor técnica cirúrgica e as vantagens e desvantagens de cada técnica descritas na literatura médica ortopédica no tratamento das lesões da CLB.Foi realizada revisão da literatura médica ortopédica disponível na base de dados da Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BIREME), Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library e Google Scholar, incluindo artigos publicados no período de 1991 a 2015.

Disorders of the long head of the biceps: tenotomy versus tenodesis / Lesões do cabo longo do bíceps: tenotomia versus tenodese

ABSTRACT Disorders of the long head of biceps tendon are common in clinical practice. Their causes could be degenerative, inflammatory, instability (subluxation or luxation) or traumatic. They are generally associated to other diseases of the shoulder, mainly rotator cuff injuries. Currently, there is controversy in the literature regarding the indications for surgical treatment and the choice of the best technique for each case, due to the possibility of esthetic deformity, loss of muscle strength, and residual pain. The objective of this study was to identify the indications for surgical treatment, the best surgical technique, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique described in the orthopedic literature for the treatment of long head of biceps tendon injuries. A revision of the orthopedic medical literature on the following databases: Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BIREME), Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, comprising articles published in the period from 1991 to 2015.

RESUMO As lesões da cabeça longa do tendão bicipital (CLB) são comuns na prática clínica e podem ter causas degenerativas, inflamatórias, instabilidades (subluxação ou luxação) ou traumáticas. Geralmente, elas estão associadas a outras doenças do ombro, principalmente a lesões do manguito rotador. Atualmente, existem controvérsias quanto às indicações dos tratamentos cirúrgicos e à escolha da melhor técnica para cada caso, devido à possibilidade de deformidade estética, perda da força muscular e dor residual. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as indicações do tratamento cirúrgico, a melhor técnica cirúrgica e as vantagens e desvantagens de cada técnica descritas na literatura médica ortopédica no tratamento das lesões da CLB. Foi realizada revisão da literatura médica ortopédica disponível na base de dados da Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BIREME), Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library e Google Scholar, incluindo artigos publicados no período de 1991 a 2015.

Fractal dimension and universality in avascular tumor growth.

For years, the comprehension of the tumor growth process has been intriguing scientists. New research has been constantly required to better understand the complexity of this phenomenon. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model that describes the properties, already known empirically, of avascular tumor growth. We present, from an individual-level (microscopic) framework, an explanation of some phenomenological (macroscopic) aspects of tumors, such as their spatial form and the way they develop. Our approach is based on competitive interaction between the cells. This simple rule makes the model able to reproduce evidence observed in real tumors, such as exponential growth in their early stage followed by power-law growth. The model also reproduces (i) the fractal-space distribution of tumor cells and (ii) the universal growth behavior observed in both animals and tumors. Our analyses suggest that the universal similarity between tumor and animal growth comes from the fact that both can be described by the same dynamic equation-the Bertalanffy-Richards model-even if they do not necessarily share the same biological properties.

A model of urban scaling laws based on distance dependent interactions.

Socio-economic related properties of a city grow faster than a linear relationship with the population, in a log-log plot, the so-called superlinear scaling. Conversely, the larger a city, the more efficient it is in the use of its infrastructure, leading to a sublinear scaling on these variables. In this work, we addressed a simple explanation for those scaling laws in cities based on the interaction range between the citizens and on the fractal properties of the cities. To this purpose, we introduced a measure of social potential which captured the influence of social interaction on the economic performance and the benefits of amenities in the case of infrastructure offered by the city. We assumed that the population density depends on the fractal dimension and on the distance-dependent interactions between individuals. The model suggests that when the city interacts as a whole, and not just as a set of isolated parts, there is improvement of the socio-economic indicators. Moreover, the bigger the interaction range between citizens and amenities, the bigger the improvement of the socio-economic indicators and the lower the infrastructure costs of the city. We addressed how public policies could take advantage of these properties to improve cities development, minimizing negative effects. Furthermore, the model predicts that the sum of the scaling exponents of social-economic and infrastructure variables are 2, as observed in the literature. Simulations with an agent-based model are confronted with the theoretical approach and they are compatible with the empirical evidences.

Safety zone for posterosuperior shoulder access: study on cadavers.

OBJECTIVE: The posterosuperior shoulder access used in surgical treatment for acromioclavicular dislocation was constructed through dissection of 20 shoulders from 10 recently chilled adult cadavers, and the distances from this route to the nearby neurovascular structures were analyzed. METHODS: A Kirschner wire was introduced into the top of the base of the coracoid process through the posterosuperior shoulder access, in the area of the origin of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments, thus reproducing the path for inserting two anchors for anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments. The smallest distance from the insertion point of the Kirschner wire to the suprascapular nerve and artery/vein was measured. RESULTS: The mean distance from the suprascapular nerve to the origin of the coracoclavicular ligaments at the top of the base of the coracoid process was 18.10 mm (range: 13.77-22.80) in the right shoulder and 18.19 mm (range: 12.59-23.75) in the left shoulder. The mean distance from the suprascapular artery/vein to the origin of the coracoclavicular ligaments was 13.10 mm (range: 9.28-15.44) in the right shoulder and 14.11 mm (range: 8.83-18.89) in the left shoulder. Comparison between the contralateral sides did not show any statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The posterosuperior shoulder access route for anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments in treating acromioclavicular dislocation should be performed respecting the minimum limit of 8.83 mm medially.

OBJETIVO: Os autores fizeram o acesso posterossuperior do ombro usado no tratamento cirúrgico da luxação acromioclavicular, a partir da dissecção de 20 ombros de 10 cadáveres adultos recém-resfriados, e analisaram as distâncias da via às estruturas neurovasculares próximas. MÉTODOS: Introduziu-se um fio de Kirschner no topo da base do processo coracoide pelo acesso posterossuperior do ombro, na área de origem dos ligamentos conoide e trapezoide, para reproduzir o trajeto da inserção de duas âncoras para reconstrução anatômica dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares. Mediu-se a menor distância do ponto de inserção do fio de Kirschner ao nervo e à artéria/veia supraescapular. RESULTADOS: A média da distância do nervo supraescapular até a origem dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares no topo da base do processo coracoide foi de 18,10 mm (13,77 a 22,80) no ombro direito e 18,19 mm (12,59 a 23,75) no ombro esquerdo. A média da distância da artéria/veia supraescapular até a origem dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares foi de 13,10 mm (09,28 a 15,44) no ombro direito e 14,11 mm (08,83 a 18,89) no ombro esquerdo. Não houve diferença estatística comparativa entre os lados contralaterais. CONCLUSÃO: A via de acesso posterossuperior do ombro para reconstrução anatômica dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares no tratamento das luxações acromioclaviculares deve ser feita com respeito ao limite de 08,83 mm medialmente.

Safety zone for posterosuperior shoulder access: study on cadavers / Zona de segurança no acesso posterossuperior do ombro: estudo em cadáver

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The posterosuperior shoulder access used in surgical treatment for acromioclavicular dislocation was constructed through dissection of 20 shoulders from 10 recently chilled adult cadavers, and the distances from this route to the nearby neurovascular structures were analyzed. METHODS: A Kirschner wire was introduced into the top of the base of the coracoid process through the posterosuperior shoulder access, in the area of the origin of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments, thus reproducing the path for inserting two anchors for anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments. The smallest distance from the insertion point of the Kirschner wire to the suprascapular nerve and artery/vein was measured. RESULTS: The mean distance from the suprascapular nerve to the origin of the coracoclavicular ligaments at the top of the base of the coracoid process was 18.10 mm (range: 13.77-22.80) in the right shoulder and 18.19 mm (range: 12.59-23.75) in the left shoulder. The mean distance from the suprascapular artery/vein to the origin of the coracoclavicular ligaments was 13.10 mm (range: 9.28-15.44) in the right shoulder and 14.11 mm (range: 8.83-18.89) in the left shoulder. Comparison between the contralateral sides did not show any statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The posterosuperior shoulder access route for anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments in treating acromioclavicular dislocation should be performed respecting the minimum limit of 8.83 mm medially.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Os autores fizeram o acesso posterossuperior do ombro usado no tratamento cirúrgico da luxação acromioclavicular, a partir da dissecção de 20 ombros de 10 cadáveres adultos recém-resfriados, e analisaram as distâncias da via às estruturas neurovasculares próximas. MÉTODOS: Introduziu-se um fio de Kirschner no topo da base do processo coracoide pelo acesso posterossuperior do ombro, na área de origem dos ligamentos conoide e trapezoide, para reproduzir o trajeto da inserção de duas âncoras para reconstrução anatômica dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares. Mediu-se a menor distância do ponto de inserção do fio de Kirschner ao nervo e à artéria/veia supraescapular. RESULTADOS: A média da distância do nervo supraescapular até a origem dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares no topo da base do processo coracoide foi de 18,10 mm (13,77 a 22,80) no ombro direito e 18,19 mm (12,59 a 23,75) no ombro esquerdo. A média da distância da artéria/veia supraescapular até a origem dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares foi de 13,10 mm (09,28 a 15,44) no ombro direito e 14,11 mm (08,83 a 18,89) no ombro esquerdo. Não houve diferença estatística comparativa entre os lados contralaterais. CONCLUSÃO: A via de acesso posterossuperior do ombro para reconstrução anatômica dos ligamentos coracoclaviculares no tratamento das luxações acromioclaviculares deve ser feita com respeito ao limite de 08,83 mm medialmente.

Treatment of proximal humeral fractures using anatomical locking plate: correlation of functional and radiographic results.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the functional outcomes and radiographic indices of proximal humerus fractures treated using an anatomical locking plate for the proximal humerus. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with fractures of the proximal humerus who had been treated using an anatomical locking plate were assessed after a mean follow-up of 27 months. These patients were assessed using the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score and their range of motion was evaluated using the method of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons on the operated shoulder and comparative radiographs on both shoulders. The correlation between radiographic measurements and functional outcomes was established. RESULTS: We found that 64% of the results were good or excellent, according to the UCLA score, with the following means: elevation of 124°; lateral rotation of 44°; and medial rotation of thumb to T9. The type of fracture according to Neer's classification and the patient's age had significant correlations with the range of motion, such that the greater the number of parts in the fracture and the greater the patient's age were, the worse the results also were. Elevation and UCLA score were found to present associations with the anatomical neck-shaft angle in anteroposterior view; fractures fixed with varus deviations greater than 15° showed the worst results (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The variation in the neck-shaft angle measurements in anteroposterior view showed a significant correlation with the range of motion; varus deviations greater than 15° were not well tolerated. This parameter may be one of the predictors of functional results from proximal humerus fractures treated using a locking plate.

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os resultados funcionais e os índices radiográficos das fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa anatômica bloqueada para úmero proximal. MÉTODOS: Examinaram-se 39 pacientes com fraturas do úmero proximal tratados com placa anatômica bloqueada, com seguimento médio de 27 meses. Esses pacientes foram submetidos à análise do escore da Universidade da Califórnia de Los Angeles (UCLA) e à avaliação do arco de movimento pelo método da Academia Americana de Cirurgiões Ortopédicos no ombro operado e a exames radiográficos comparativos de ambos os ombros. Estabeleceu-se a correlação entre as medidas radiográficas e os resultados funcionais. RESULTADOS: Obtivemos 64% de bons e excelentes resultados conforme o escore da UCLA, com médias de 124° de elevação; 44° de rotação lateral; e polegar-T9 de rotação medial. O tipo de fratura, de acordo com a classificação de Neer, e a idade do paciente tiveram significativa correlação com o arco de movimentos; quanto maiores o número de partes das fraturas e a idade dos pacientes, piores os resultados. Encontrou-se associação entre a elevação e o escore da UCLA com o ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior; as fraturas fixadas com desvios em varo maiores do que 15° apresentaram os piores resultados (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A variação da medida do ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior mostrou significativa correlação com o arco de movimento; desvios em varo maiores do que 15° não foram bem tolerados. Esse parâmetro pode ser um dos preditores dos resultados funcionais nas fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa anatômica bloqueada.

Treatment of proximal humeral fractures using anatomical locking plate: correlation of functional and radiographic results / Tratamento das fraturas do úmero proximal com placa anatômica bloqueada: correlação dos resultados funcionais e radiográficos

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the functional outcomes and radiographic indices of proximal humerus fractures treated using an anatomical locking plate for the proximal humerus. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with fractures of the proximal humerus who had been treated using an anatomical locking plate were assessed after a mean follow-up of 27 months. These patients were assessed using the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score and their range of motion was evaluated using the method of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons on the operated shoulder and comparative radiographs on both shoulders. The correlation between radiographic measurements and functional outcomes was established. RESULTS: We found that 64% of the results were good or excellent, according to the UCLA score, with the following means: elevation of 124°; lateral rotation of 44°; and medial rotation of thumb to T9. The type of fracture according to Neer's classification and the patient's age had significant correlations with the range of motion, such that the greater the number of parts in the fracture and the greater the patient's age were, the worse the results also were. Elevation and UCLA score were found to present associations with the anatomical neck-shaft angle in anteroposterior view; fractures fixed with varus deviations greater than 15° showed the worst results (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The variation in the neck-shaft angle measurements in anteroposterior view showed a significant correlation with the range of motion; varus deviations greater than 15° were not well tolerated. This parameter may be one of the predictors of functional results from proximal humerus fractures treated using a locking plate.

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os resultados funcionais e os índices radiográficos das fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa anatômica bloqueada para úmero proximal. MÉTODOS: Examinaram-se 39 pacientes com fraturas do úmero proximal tratados com placa anatômica bloqueada, com seguimento médio de 27 meses. Esses pacientes foram submetidos à análise do escore da Universidade da Califórnia de Los Angeles (UCLA) e à avaliação do arco de movimento pelo método da Academia Americana de Cirurgiões Ortopédicos no ombro operado e a exames radiográficos comparativos de ambos os ombros. Estabeleceu-se a correlação entre as medidas radiográficas e os resultados funcionais. RESULTADOS: Obtivemos 64% de bons e excelentes resultados conforme o escore da UCLA, com médias de 124° de elevação; 44° de rotação lateral; e polegar-T9 de rotação medial. O tipo de fratura, de acordo com a classificação de Neer, e a idade do paciente tiveram significativa correlação com o arco de movimentos; quanto maiores o número de partes das fraturas e a idade dos pacientes, piores os resultados. Encontrou-se associação entre a elevação e o escore da UCLA com o ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior; as fraturas fixadas com desvios em varo maiores do que 15° apresentaram os piores resultados (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A variação da medida do ângulo cervicodiafisário na incidência anteroposterior mostrou significativa correlação com o arco de movimento; desvios em varo maiores do que 15° não foram bem tolerados. Esse parâmetro pode ser um dos preditores dos resultados funcionais nas fraturas do úmero proximal tratadas com placa anatômica bloqueada.

Impacted valgus fractures of the proximal humerus.

Impacted valgus fractures of the proximal humerus are considered to be a special type fracture, since impaction of the humeral head on the metaphysis with maintenance of the posteromedial periosteum improves the prognosis regarding occurrences of avascular necrosis. This characteristic can also facilitate the reduction maneuver and increase the consolidation rate of these fractures, even in more complex cases. The studies included were obtained by searching the Bireme, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases for those published between 1991 and 2013. The objective of this study was to identify the most common definitions, classifications and treatment methods used for these fractures in the orthopedic medical literature.

A fratura impactada em valgo do úmero proximal é considerada um tipo especial de fratura, pois a impactação metafisária da cabeça umeral, com manutenção do periósteo póstero-medial, melhora seu prognóstico quanto à ocorrência de necrose avascular. Essa característica pode, ainda, facilitar a manobra de redução e aumentar o índice de consolidação dessas fraturas, mesmo nos casos mais complexos. Os estudos incluídos foram pesquisados nas bases de dados Bireme, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library e Google Scholar publicados de 1991 a 2013. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a definição, classificação e os métodos de tratamento dessas fraturas mais usados na literatura médica ortopédica.