Prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence of abnormal total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LTx) and to identify predictors of these disorders. METHODS: cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients undergoing LTx. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, anthropometric and dietetic data were collected to determine the association with dyslipidemia using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: 136 patients were evaluated, 68.1% of which had at least one type of dyslipidemia. The triglyceride level was high in 32.4% of cases, with low HDL in 49.3% of patients and high LDL levels in only 8.8%. High total cholesterol was observed in 16.2% of the study population and was associated with the recommendation for transplantation due to ethanolic cirrhosis (OR = 2.7) and a greater number of hours slept per night (OR = 1.5). CONCLUSION: many patients presented dyslipidemia after transplantation, demonstrating the need for interventions in relation to modifiable factors associated with dyslipidemias that can mitigate or prevent these disorders.

Prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia after liver transplantation / Prevalência e fatores associados às dislipidemias pós-transplante hepático

Objective: to determine the prevalence of abnormal total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LTx) and to identify predictors of these disorders. Methods: cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients undergoing LTx. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, anthropometric and dietetic data were collected to determine the association with dyslipidemia using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Results: 136 patients were evaluated, 68.1% of which had at least one type of dyslipidemia. The triglyceride level was high in 32.4% of cases, with low HDL in 49.3% of patients and high LDL levels in only 8.8%. High total cholesterol was observed in 16.2% of the study population and was associated with the recommendation for transplantation due to ethanolic cirrhosis (OR = 2.7) and a greater number of hours slept per night (OR = 1.5). Conclusion: many patients presented dyslipidemia after transplantation, demonstrating the need for interventions in relation to modifiable factors associated with dyslipidemias that can mitigate or prevent these disorders. .

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de anormalidades de colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e alta densidade (HDL) e triglicérides, e identificar fatores preditivos dessas desordens em pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático (TxH). Métodos: estudo transversal de avaliação da prevalência de dislipidemias em pacientes submetidos ao TxH. Variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, clínicas, antropométricas e dietéticas foram coletadas para identificar os fatores associados utilizando análises estatísticas uni e multivariadas. Resultados: foram avaliados 136 pacientes, dos quais 68,1% apresentaram pelo menos um tipo de dislipidemia. O nível de triglicérides esteve elevado em 32,4% dos casos, a HDL reduzida em 49,3% dos pacientes e os níveis de LDL elevados em apenas 8,8%. Colesterol total elevado foi observado em 16,2% da população estudada e esteve associado à indicação de transplante por cirrose etanólica (OR = 2,7) e maior número de horas dormidas por noite (OR = 1,5). Conclusão: grande parte dos pacientes apresentou dislipidemia após o transplante, demonstrando a necessidade de intervenções em relação aos fatores modificáveis associados às dislipidemias que podem atenuar ou prevenir essas desordens. .

Incidence and risk factors for diabetes, hypertension and obesity after liver transplantation.

AIM: Metabolic disorders are widely described in patients after liver transplantation (LTx). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity incidence and risk factors were assessed in 144 post-LTx patients at least one year after transplantation (59% male; median age 54 y; median time since transplantation 4 y). Risk factors were assessed using logistic regression analysis according to demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric and dietetic variables. RESULTS: The incidence of hypertension was 18.9%; diabetes, 14.0% and obesity, 15.9%. Risk factors for the incidence of hypertension were abdominal obesity (OR: 2.36; CI: 1.02-5.43), family history of hypertension (OR: 2.75; CI: 1.06-7.19) and cyclosporine use (OR: 3.92; CI: 1.05-14.70). Risk factor for incidence of diabetes were greater fasting glucose levels (mg/dL) pre-LTx (OR: 1.04; CI: 1.01-1.06) and on the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis as an indication of LTx (OR: 2.54; CI: 0.84-7.72). The incidence of obesity after LTx was related to lower milk consumption (mL) (OR: 1.01; CI: 1.001-1.01; P < 0.05), greater donor BMI (kg/m(2)) (OR: 1.34; CI: 1.04-1.74; P < 0.05), greater BMI prior to liver disease (kg/m(2)) (OR: 1.79; CI: 1.36-2.36; P < 0.01) and a per capita income twice the minimum wage (OR: 5.71; CI: 4.51-6.86; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LTx was associated with significantly increased rates of hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Furthermore, the incidences of these disorders were related to immunosuppressive therapy and have risk factors that are common in the general population.

Objetivo: Los trastornos metabólicos han sido ampliamente descritos en los pacientes sometidos al transplante hepático (TH). Material y métodos: La incidencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y obesidad además de los factores de riesgo se evaluaron en 144 pacientes post-TH al menos un año después del trasplante (59% hombres, edad promedio 54 años, mediana del tiempo desde el trasplante 4 años). Los factores de riesgo se evaluaron mediante análisis de regresión logística de acuerdo con variables demográficas, socioeconómicas, estilo de vida, así como variables clínicas, antropométricas y dietéticas. Resultados: La incidencia de hipertensión fue del 18,9%, la diabetes, el 14,0% y la obesidad, el 15,9%. Los factores de riesgo para la incidencia de la hipertensión fueron la obesidad abdominal (OR: 2,36, IC: 1,02-5,43, p < 0,05), los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial (OR: 2,75, IC: 1,06-7,19, p < 0,05) y el uso de la ciclosporina (OR: 3,92, IC: 1,05-14,70, p < 0,05). Los factores de riesgo para la incidencia de diabetes fueron niveles más altos de glucosa en ayuno (mg/dL) pre-TH (OR: 1,04, IC: 1,01-1,06, p < 0,05) y el diagnóstico de cirrosis alcohólica como indicación de TH (OR: 2,54, IC: 0,84-7,72, p < 0,05). La incidencia de obesidad después del TH se relacionó con el bajo consumo de la leche (mL) (OR: 1,01, IC: 1,001-10,01, p < 0,05), donante con IMC más grande (kg/m2) (OR: 1,34, IC: 1,04-1,74; p < 0,05), mayor índice de masa corporal antes de la enfermedad hepática (kg/m2) (OR: 1,79, IC: 1,36-2,36, p < 0,01) y ingreso per cápita dos veces el sueldo mínimo (OR: 5,71, IC: 4,51- 6,86, p < 0,05). Conclusión: El TH se asoció con tasas significativamente más altas de hipertensión, diabetes y obesidad. La incidencia de estos trastornos se relacionó con la terapia inmunosupresora y otros factores de riesgo que comunes en la población general.

Incidence and risk factors for diabetes, hypertension and obesity after liver transplantation / Incidencia y factores de riesgo para la diabetes, la hipertensión y la obesidad después del trasplante hepático

AIM: Metabolic disorders are widely described in patients after liver transplantation (LTx). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity incidence and risk factors were assessed in 144 post-LTx patients at least one year after transplantation (59% male; median age 54 y; median time since transplantation 4 y). Risk factors were assessed using logistic regression analysis according to demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric and dietetic variables. RESULTS: The incidence of hypertension was 18.9%; diabetes, 14.0% and obesity, 15.9%. Risk factors for the incidence of hypertension were abdominal obesity (OR: 2.36; CI: 1.02-5.43), family history of hypertension (OR: 2.75; CI: 1.06-7.19) and cyclosporine use (OR: 3.92; CI: 1.05-14.70). Risk factor for incidence of diabetes were greater fasting glucose levels (mg/dL) pre-LTx (OR: 1.04; CI: 1.01-1.06) and on the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis as an indication of LTx (OR: 2.54; CI: 0.84-7.72). The incidence of obesity after LTx was related to lower milk consumption (mL) (OR: 1.01; CI: 1.001-1.01; P < 0.05), greater donor BMI (kg/m(2)) (OR: 1.34; CI: 1.04-1.74; P < 0.05), greater BMI prior to liver disease (kg/m(2)) (OR: 1.79; CI: 1.36-2.36; P < 0.01) and a per capita income twice the minimum wage (OR: 5.71; CI: 4.51-6.86; P < 0.05). CoNCLUSION: LTx was associated with significantly increased rates of hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Furthermore, the incidences of these disorders were related to immunosuppressive therapy and have risk factors that are common in the general population (AU)

Objetivo: Los trastornos metabólicos han sido ampliamente descritos en los pacientes sometidos al transplante hepático (TH). Material y métodos: La incidencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y obesidad además de los factores de riesgo se evaluaron en 144 pacientes post-TH al menos un año después del trasplante (59% hombres, edad promedio 54 años, mediana del tiempo desde el trasplante 4 años). Los factores de riesgo se evaluaron mediante análisis de regresión logística de acuerdo con variables demográficas, socioeconómicas, estilo de vida, así como variables clínicas, antropométricas y dietéticas. Resultados: La incidencia de hipertensión fue del 18,9%, la diabetes, el 14,0% y la obesidad, el 15,9%. Los factores de riesgo para la incidencia de la hipertensión fueron la obesidad abdominal (OR: 2,36, IC: 1,02-5,43, p < 0,05), los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial (OR: 2,75, IC: 1,06-7,19, p < 0,05) y el uso de la ciclosporina (OR: 3,92, IC: 1,05-14,70, p < 0,05). Los factores de riesgo para la incidencia de diabetes fueron niveles más altos de glucosa en ayuno (mg/dL) pre-TH (OR: 1,04, IC: 1,01-1,06, p < 0,05) y el diagnóstico de cirrosis alcohólica como indicación de TH (OR: 2,54, IC: 0,84-7,72, p < 0,05). La incidencia de obesidad después del TH se relacionó con el bajo consumo de la leche (mL) (OR: 1,01, IC: 1,001-10,01, p < 0,05), donante con IMC más grande (kg/m2) (OR: 1,34, IC: 1,04-1,74; p < 0,05), mayor índice de masa corporal antes de la enfermedad hepática (kg/m2) (OR: 1,79, IC: 1,36-2,36, p < 0,01) y ingreso per cápita dos veces el sueldo mínimo (OR: 5,71, IC: 4,51- 6,86, p < 0,05). Conclusión: El TH se asoció con tasas significativamente más altas de hipertensión, diabetes y obesidad. La incidencia de estos trastornos se relacionó con la terapia inmunosupresora y otros factores de riesgo que comunes en la población general (AU)

Weight loss during cirrhosis is related to the etiology of liver disease.

CONTEXT: Malnutrition is widely described in patients waiting for liver transplantation (LTx). However, risk factors associated with weight loss during liver disease have not yet been well studied. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess weight loss and its risk factors during liver disease and up to the first appointment after transplantation. Patients who underwent LTx were retrospectively assessed for weight loss during liver disease while on the waiting list for LTx. The usual weight of the patients before disease and their weight on the first outpatient appointment after transplant were considered. Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical variables were collected to assess risk factors using a linear regression analysis. We retrospectively evaluated 163 patients undergoing LTx between 1997 and 2008. RESULTS: Patients lost in average 7.7 ± 12.4 kg while ill. Variables independently associated with weight loss by multiple linear regression analyses were as follows: former smoker (P = 0.03), greater body mass index (P<0.01), overweight before liver disease (P = 0.02) and indication for LTx (P = 0.01). Among these indications, patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had lost significantly more weight (P<0.01), and those with hepatitis C virus (P = 0.01) and autoimmune hepatitis (P = 0.02) had lost significantly less weight. CONCLUSIONS: Patients experienced weight loss during liver disease independent of age, sex, schooling and income; however, the etiology of liver disease was related to weight loss.

Weight loss during cirrhosis is related to the etiology of liver disease / Perda de peso durante a cirrose está relacionada à causa da doença hepática

CONTEXT: Malnutrition is widely described in patients waiting for liver transplantation (LTx). However, risk factors associated with weight loss during liver disease have not yet been well studied. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess weight loss and its risk factors during liver disease and up to the first appointment after transplantation. Patients who underwent LTx were retrospectively assessed for weight loss during liver disease while on the waiting list for LTx. The usual weight of the patients before disease and their weight on the first outpatient appointment after transplant were considered. Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical variables were collected to assess risk factors using a linear regression analysis. We retrospectively evaluated 163 patients undergoing LTx between 1997 and 2008. RESULTS: Patients lost in average 7.7 ± 12.4 kg while ill. Variables independently associated with weight loss by multiple linear regression analyses were as follows: former smoker (P = 0.03), greater body mass index (P<0.01), overweight before liver disease (P = 0.02) and indication for LTx (P = 0.01). Among these indications, patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had lost significantly more weight (P<0.01), and those with hepatitis C virus (P = 0.01) and autoimmune hepatitis (P = 0.02) had lost significantly less weight. CONCLUSIONS: Patients experienced weight loss during liver disease independent of age, sex, schooling and income; however, the etiology of liver disease was related to weight loss.

CONTEXTO: A desnutrição é amplamente descrita em pacientes à espera de transplante hepático (LTx). No entanto, fatores de risco associados à perda de peso durante a doença do fígado ainda não foram bem estudados. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a perda de peso e seus fatores de risco durante a doença do fígado e até a primeira consulta após o transplante. Pacientes submetidos ao LTx foram retrospectivamente avaliados para perda de peso durante a doença do fígado, enquanto na lista de espera para LTx. O peso usual dos pacientes antes da doença e seu primeiro peso ambulatorial após o transplante foram considerados para as análises. Variáveis demográficas, de estilo de vida, socioeconômicas e variáveis clínicas foram coletadas para avaliar fatores de risco, usando análise de regressão linear múltipla. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 163 pacientes submetidos a LTx entre 1997 e 2008. Os pacientes perderam em média 7,7 ± 12,4 kg, quando doentes. Variáveis independentemente associadas à perda de peso foram as seguintes: ex-fumante (P = 0,03), maior índice de massa corporal (P<0,01), excesso de peso antes de doença hepática (P = 0,02), indicação ao transplante (P = 0,01). Das indicações ao transplante, os indivíduos que foram diagnosticados com cirrose etanólica perderam significantemente mais peso (P<0,01) e os diagnosticados com hepatite viral C (P = 0,01) e hepatite autoimune (P = 0,02), significantemente menos. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes estudados apresentaram perda de peso durante a doença do fígado independentemente da idade, sexo, escolaridade e renda, no entanto, a causa da doença hepática esteve relacionada à perda de peso.

Cardiovascular risk in patients submitted to liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing liver transplantation according to the Framingham score, and to evaluate possible associations with traditional and non-traditional risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in which patients undergoing liver transplantation were stratified by cardiovascular risk according to the Framingham score. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and anthropometric variables were collected to assess the association with cardiovascular risk factors using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients were evaluated, of which 46.1% showed medium or high risk for the occurrence of cardiovascular events over ten years. The mean percentage risk of evaluated patients was of 9.5 ± 7.8%. Male gender (OR: 4.97; CI: 1.92-12.85; p < 0.01), older age (OR: 1,09; CI: 1.04-1.13; p < 0.01), and higher BMI at the moment of assessment (1.09; CI: 0.99-1.20; p = 0.03) were factors associated with medium and high cardiovascular risk. A higher percentage of cardiovascular risk was also associated with cyclosporine use (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The probability of occurrence of cardiovascular events in the assessed patients undergoing liver transplantation was higher than that in the Brazilian population. Special attention should be paid to this population, especially in relation to potentially modifiable factors associated to higher BMI and cyclosporine use.

Risco cardiovascular em pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático / Cardiovascular risk in patients submitted to liver transplantation

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de risco cardiovascular em pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático de acordo com o escore de Framingham e avaliar possíveis associações com fatores de risco tradicionais e não tradicionais. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em que pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático foram estratificados quanto ao risco cardiovascular pelo escore de Framingham. Variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, clínicas e antropométricas foram coletadas para verificar associação com risco cardiovascular utilizando-se análises estatísticas uni e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 115 pacientes, dos quais 46,1% apresentaram médio ou alto risco para ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares em 10 anos. O risco percentual médio dos pacientes avaliados foi de 9,5% ± 7,8%. Sexo masculino (OR: 4,97; IC 95% 1,92-12,85; p < 0,01), idade avançada (OR: 1,09; IC 95% 1,04-1,13; p < 0,01) e maior IMC no momento da avaliação (1,09; IC 95% 0,99-1,20; p = 0,03) foram fatores associados ao médio e ao alto riscos cardiovasculares. Maior percentual de risco cardiovascular também esteve associado ao uso de ciclosporina (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A probabilidade de ocorrência de evento cardiovascular nos pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático avaliados é superior à da população brasileira. Atenção especial deve ser dedicada a essa população, principalmente em relação aos fatores potencialmente modificáveis associados como maior IMC e uso de ciclosporina.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing liver transplantation according to the Framingham score, and to evaluate possible associations with traditional and non-traditional risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in which patients undergoing liver transplantation were stratified by cardiovascular risk according to the Framingham score. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and anthropometric variables were collected to assess the association with cardiovascular risk factors using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients were evaluated, of which 46.1% showed medium or high risk for the occurrence of cardiovascular events over ten years. The mean percentage risk of evaluated patients was of 9.5 ± 7.8%. Male gender (OR: 4.97; CI: 1.92-12.85; p < 0.01), older age (OR: 1,09; CI: 1.04-1.13; p < 0.01), and higher BMI at the moment of assessment (1.09; CI: 0.99-1.20; p = 0.03) were factors associated with medium and high cardiovascular risk. A higher percentage of cardiovascular risk was also associated with cyclosporine use (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The probability of occurrence of cardiovascular events in the assessed patients undergoing liver transplantation was higher than that in the Brazilian population. Special attention should be paid to this population, especially in relation to potentially modifiable factors associated to higher BMI and cyclosporine use.

Metabolic syndrome after liver transplantation: prevalence and predictive factors.

OBJECTIVES: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disorder in which obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia coexist. This study assessed the prevalence of MetS and its associated factors in patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). METHODS: Post-OLTx patients were assessed for the presence of MetS according to the diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association (NHLBI/AHA). Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric, and dietary variables were collected to identify predictors for MetS using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the 148 patients assessed, the prevalence of MetS was 50% (IDF criteria) and 38.5% (NHLBI/AHA criteria). For both the IDF and the NHLBI/AHA classifications, the independent factors associated with MetS were older age, shorter time since transplantation, and history of excessive weight prior to OLTx. Other predictors for MetS by IDF criteria were alcohol abuse as the indication for OLTx, physical activity reduction as the cause of weight gain after transplantation, and calcium intake below recommended levels. The presence of MetS (NHLBI/AHA) was also associated with decreased intake of potassium, fiber, and folic acid. CONCLUSIONS: MetS is highly prevalent among post-OLTx patients and it is predicted by older age, shorter time since transplantation, alcohol abuse as the cause of cirrhosis, excessive weight prior to OLTx, and some potentially modifiable factors such as physical activity reduction after OLTx and low intake of calcium, potassium, fiber, and folic acid.